BHS 499 (Computer & Information Systems) Module 4 SLP Essay - 2

BHS 499 (Computer and Information Systems) Module 4 SLP - Essay Example staff who can train understudies looking to take a crack at nursing; the vast majority of the current nursing employees are maturing (around 50-to 54 years old); there is insufficient pool of more youthful personnel; the absence of accentuation or spotlight on showing instructive standards in accordance with the exacting clinical, educational and research educational plans of larger part of the experts and doctoral projects; resources in nursing have inadequate and weakened job desires which are bothered by colossal job related pressure; new employees, the craving to be effective in all features of academe; there is absence of intensity in pay rates identified with the clinical area; too hardly any nursing employees are set up for doctoral projects; there is high workforce remaining task at hand, absence of qualified candidates and less personnel are willing encourage clinical courses just as to lead research. In this manner, corresponding to the previously mentioned nursing issues on the trouble to select and hold nursing instructors, the AANA Education Committee made a few activities or intercessions and coordinated it in the vital plans. The association made some initiative changes which incorporated a few components of workforce, regulatory, monetary, political just as recognition concerns. The group additionally led an electronic overview on CRNA workforce enrollment and maintenance in January 2006 so as to assess proficient necessities of nursing resources, reason for a advancement workshops and other improvement programs. The aftereffects of the review (Starnes-Ott and Kremer, 2007) uncovered that if the necessities of most employees will be positioned likewise, there concern is greatly coordinated towards the requirement for help with request for them to get ready for the doctoral projects, an imaginative guidance like separation learning and human patient reenactment and advancement of the educational program. The above discoveries are not extremely amazing, truth be told, different analysts have looked for a similar data at various clinical and instructive settings

Methodological Rigor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Methodological Rigor - Assignment Example Self-determination creates when there is no portrayal of the examples. The self-choice procedure offers tact to the subjects to have a place with any gathering without legitimate thought of portrayal (Vogt, 2007). Basically, subjects in the examination can choose the gathering to have a place, or people may allocate themselves. The third danger to legitimacy in quantitative research is the volunteer impacts (Vogt, 2007). The danger creates when people don't give agree for them to be examined. The subjects who take an interest in the investigation give diverse data from the ones who don't give assent. The correspondence among subjects displays different difficulties and can broadly adjust data. Development happens because of additional time being spent in an investigation. History impact is a legitimacy danger since it brings about broadened time being outperformed during an exploration study (Christensen et al., 2011). There are assorted courses through which the characteristic legitimacy dangers to quantitative research can be moderated. Vogt (2007) noticed that it is significant for a specialist to individual allocate subjects to particular gatherings to stop self-determination. Subjects ought to be screened cautiously to maintain a strategic distance from whittling down impact. History impact is a principal issue that can be managed by guaranteeing that the estimations are taken on each interim. Subjects ought not be permitted to control the procedures of an examination (Vogt, 2007). Measurable force alludes to the ability of a test to decide with exactness an impact and the genuineness of its reality (Black, 1999). Measurable force help in decreasing kind I and II mistakes by effectively deciding presence of a relationship or impact (Black, 1999). In a perfect world, it lessens the inaccurate dismissal of an invalid theory in type I mistake (Peck et al., 2011). Thus, it decreases the dismissal of an invalid speculation since it accurately decides the

How to Make Yourself Work When You Just Dont Want to

How to Make Yourself Work When You Just Don’t Want to Not ?ll of u? ?r? l?z?, but ??m?tim??, w? ju?t d?n’t feel lik? w?rking or doing that thing whi?h w? ?r? ?u?????d t? d? ?t th?t tim?. N?rm?ll?, what w? d? is ?r??r??tin?t?.Sometimes w? ?nd up ?r??r??tin?ting and procrastinating ?ll over again. Pr??r??tin?ti?n i? n?t really a f??t?r ?f being l?z?, ??m?tim??, we are just not in th? m??d.L?t’? start with an ?n?l?g?. H?v? you ?v?r h??rd ?f th? l?w of inertia? Y?u ?r?b?bl? h?v? fr?m ??ur days in Ph??i?? ?l??? during elementary school.Th? l?w ?f Inertia of R??t ?t?t?? that: “There i? a t?nd?n?? f?r a b?d? ?t rest t? r?m?in at r??t unl??? an external force i? ???li?d t? it”.Basically, if you d?n’t move it, it’? n?t g?ing t? m?v?. Thi? l?w i? v?r? much ??rtin?nt t? our lif? ?nd plays a ?ignifi??nt r?l?. It t?k?? a little ?ff?rt t? g?t th?t ?tuff done, r?g?rdl??? ?f wh?th?r you w?nt to do it ?r not. And ??u h?v? t? ?r??t? that effort.S? lik? w? ?t?t?d ??rli?r, one ?f th? things you d? wh?n ??u r??ll? don’t w?nt to w?rk i? ?r??r?? tin?t?.W? ?ut it ?ff ?nd hope to d? it in a couple of minut?? ?r hours, ?nd th??? h?ur? ??m?tim?? turn int? d???.But d? n?t be ?l?rm?d, ?r??r??tin?ti?n affects everyone. It ?n??k? up ?n most ????l? ?????i?ll? wh?n th??’r? tired ?r b?r?d. But f?r some, procrastination can be a full-fledged addiction.P???h?l?gi?t? ?t C??? Western R???rv? University conducted ?n int?r??ting ?x??rim?nt where th?? offered college students a d?t? r?ng? in?t??d ?f a ?ingl? du? d?t? f?r th?ir papers.The r????r?h?r? tr??k?d th? date th?t ?tud?nt? turn?d in their ????r? ?nd ??m??r?d this to their ?tr??? l?v?l? ?nd overall h??lth. Stud?nt? wh? waited until th? l??t minut? to turn in their ????r? h?d greater ?tr??? ?nd m?r? h??lth i??u?? th?n ?th?r? did.Th?? ?l?? received w?r?? grades ?n th?ir papers ?nd in th? ?l??? ?v?r?ll th?n students who turn?d their ????r? in ??rli?r.An?th?r study published b? Bishop’s Univ?r?it? ?x?l?r?d th? link b?tw??n ?hr?ni? ?r??r??tin?ti?n ?nd stress-related h??lth i??u??.Th? r? ???r?h?r? f?und a strong link b?tw??n procrastination ?nd h???rt?n?i?n ?nd h??rt di?????, ?? ?r??r??tin?t?r? ?x??ri?n??d gr??t?r ?m?unt? ?f ?tr??? ?nd were more lik?l? t? d?l?? healthy activities, ?u?h as ?r???r diet ?nd ?x?r?i??.Pr??r??tin?ti?n i? fu?ll?d b? ?x?u???. We cannot ?x???t to overcome ?r??r??tin?ti?n and im?r?v? ?ur health ?nd ?r?du?tivit? until w?’r? ?bl? t? ?v?r??m? th? negative mental habits th?t lead u? t? ?r??r??tin?t? in th? first place.HERE ARE A FEW REASONS WHY WE PUT OFF WORK WE ARE SUPPOSED TO DO NOW AND APPROACHES TO POWER THROUGHTh? m??t troubling excuses w? u?? to h?l? u? convince ?ur??lv?? to put ?f work f?r l?t?r are troubling b???u?? th??’r? th? m??t diffi?ult ?x?u??? t? conquer.Lack of DesireIt ?ll ?t?rt? with h?w w? f??l ?b?ut ?ur lif?. H?w we f??l greatly ?ff??t? our m?tiv?ti?n?.Most ????l? ?r? in ??m? form of comfort, but it’? a n?g?tiv? ??mf?rt. It’? a ??mf?rt wh?r? ??u’r? not m?king ?r?gr??? t?w?rd? ??ur dr??m? but ??u’r? n?t in that mu? h pain ?ith?r.D?n’t b? in thi? space.The b??t m?tiv?t?r? are ??in ?nd progress.Wh?n you are in a ?itu?ti?n th?t genuinely hurt? ??u find a ??luti?n. It’s not a m?tt?r of m?king ?x?u???, you ju?t d? it.And likewise, when you’re making ?r?gr??? th? ??m? thing h????n?, ?lth?ugh from a mu?h m?r? positive ?t?nd??int. You feel great ?nd the momentum-based ??hi?v?m?nt k???? ??u d?ing th? thing? ??u ?h?uld b? d?ing.But ??in will ju?t hurt and ?r?gr??? will b? non-existent unl??? you are in??ir?d ?r h?v? a burning desire to m?k? a ???itiv? ?h?ng? in ??ur life.It’? diffi?ult to transform a “?h?uld” int? a “mu?t” (?? T?n? R?bbin? w?uld ?ut it), but th?r? ?r? a f?w approaches:W?it till it g?t? ?? b?d it hurt?. Thi? i?n’t recommended b???u?? ??in isn’t ?lw??? the b??t m?tiv?t?r (there ?r? ?x???ti?n? remember) and it’? ??rt ?f silly t? put ??ur??lf in a worse ?itu?ti?n t? get better.Commit t? d?ing it ?n??. Giv? it a g?. Ju?t ?n??.F?r ?g?? I knew I ?h?uld ?t?rt writing a blo g lik? this, but I put it off. Th?n I started it, ?nd I loved it. Giv? it a go.Und?r?t?nd th? r????n wh?. Understand why you ?h?uld be doing ??m?thing. Understand wh?t you’re mi??ing ?ut on.ConfusionAlth?ugh, ?x?u??? ?r?n’t ?lw??? ju?t excuses, th?? m?? stem fr?m ??nfu?i?n, and th?t’? a diff?r?nt ?r?bl?m entirely.It’? ???? t? b???m? ?v?rwh?lm?d with ?ll th? things ??u ?h?uld b? d?ing ?nd ??u ??uld ?udd?nl? b???m? ??nfu??d. Especially wh?n there i? n? deadlin? for th?t w?rk ?r activity.T? fight the overwhelming n?tur? ?f h?ving t?? mu?h w?rk t? do with no deadline to k??? ??u ?n ??ur toes, ?it back with a ??n ?nd ????r ?nd writ? ?ut a ?l??r ?l?n of wh?t ??u should be d?ing.Break it down int? numb?r?.Misuse of NegativityTim F?rri?? h?? di??u???d ????imi?m ?? a ?r?du?tivit? ???t?m, but a constructive u?? ?f negativity g??? b???nd ju?t ?r?du?tivit?. A???rding to Th? L?w ?f Attr??ti?n f??u?ing on n?g?tivit? will bring th?t int? ??ur lif?. And t? a certain ?xt?nt I agree.But negat ivity ??n be u??d ??n?tru?tiv?l? as l?ng ?? ??u d?n’t dw?ll ?n it. The majority ?f th? time ??u ?h?uld focus ?n wh?t inspires you and your burning d??ir?, but whenever ??u feel ??rti?ul?rl? unm?tiv?t?d, ??k ??ur??lf “Wh?t will h????n if I don’t do this?”S?? ?n unhealthy ??u if ??u d?n’t g? f?r th?t run, ?r ?n unfulfill?d ??u if ??u ?h???? n?t t? follow your ????i?n.I Dont Know Where to BeginParadoxically, we ?ft?n find ?ur??lv?? fr?z?n lik? a deer in headlights wh?n ??nfr?nt?d with a diffi?ult t??k.A? well, much lik? d??r, th? b??t thing w? can do i? m?v? in ?n? direction, f??t. When a t??k is particularly difficult, ??u need ?ll the tim? you ?r? giv?n t? complete it.Th?r?’? n? ??n?? in w??ting v?lu?bl? tim? by allowing ??ur??lf t? b? ?v?rwh?lm?d b? the ??m?l?xit? ?f the task.The k?? here is t? n?t ?ll?w f??r of th? wh?l? to ?t?? ??u fr?m engaging in th? parts.Wh?n ??m?thing looks too diffi?ult, ?im?l? br??k it down.Wh?t can ??u ????m?li?h in 60 minut?? that will help ?? u slay th? b???t?Then, wh?t ??n ??u d? in 60 m?r? minut???There are too many DistractionsF?r most ?f u?, g?tting ?t?rt?d ?n a l?rg? project i? a challenge. W? stumble over ?ll ??rt? of ?m?ll?r, irr?l?v?nt tasks th?t di?tr??t u? from th? r??l ???ignm?nt. W? ?n?w?r ?m?il?, m?k? calls, check th? n?w? online…anything t? avoid th? ?l??h?nt in th? r??m.B?ing bu?? is n?t th? same as being ?r?du?tiv?.When ??u find ??ur??lf ?v?iding a ??rti?ul?rl? ?iz??bl? t??k, ?l?w down ?nd vi?u?liz? wh?t will happen if you ??ntinu? t? ?ut off th? t??k.Di?tr??ti?n? numb you by ?hifting your attention ?w?? fr?m th??? ??n???u?n??? (a.k.a., ?w?? fr?m r??lit?).R?minding yourself of wh?t will h????n if you continue procrastinating i? a gr??t way to m?k? distractions l??? enchanting ?? th?t you can focus ?n ??ur w?rk.Its too EasyTasks that ?r? t?? easy can be surprisingly dangerous, because wh?n you ?ut th?m ?ff, it’? easy t? underestimate how mu?h time th??’ll t?k? to ??m?l?t?.You ?r?b?bl? d? this because you ?r? good ?t th?t task or may b? g??d ?t your job.But ?n?? ??u fin?ll? ?it d?wn t? w?rk ?n them, ??u di???v?r ??u h?v? n?t giv?n ??ur??lf enough time t? ??m?l?t? th? t??k (?r at least to complete it well).If a task i? too easy, dr?w ??nn??ti?n? to th? bigg?r picture, b???u?? th??? connections turn mundane tasks int? a fundamental (?nd do it n?w) ??rt ?f ??ur j?b.F?r example, ??u might h?t? data entry, but wh?n you think ?b?ut th? r?l? th? data ?l??? in th? ?tr?t?gi? objectives ?f your d???rtm?nt, the t??k b???m?? worthwhile.Wh?n th? ?m?ll?r, ???mingl? in?ignifi??nt thing? d?n’t g?t d?n? or g?t d?n? ???rl?, it has a ri??l? effect th?t’? f?lt f?r mil??.I don’t like itPr??r??tin?ti?n isn’t ?lw??? about a t??k b?ing t?? ???? ?r t?? h?rd.S?m?tim??, ??u just d?n’t w?nt t? d? it. It ??n be v?r? hard t? g?t m?ving on a t??k in which ??u’r? di?int?r??t?d, mu?h less despise.Unf?rtun?t?l?, th?r?’? n? fool ?r??f w?? to teach yourself t? find ??m?thing int?r??ting, because cert ain things will n?v?r dr?w your ?tt?nti?n.R?th?r th?n ?u?hing th??? tasks t? th? b??k of your plate, make it a rul? th?t ??u ??nn?t t?u?h any ?th?r ?r?j??t ?r t??k until you’ve fini?h?d th? dreaded one.In thi? w??, ??u ?r? ??li?ing ??ur??lf b? f?r?ing ??ur??lf to “??t your v?g?t?bl?? b?f?r? you can have dessert.”Wh?n ??u do get started, ??u ??n always turn the t??k int? a g?m?.H?w ??n ??u achieve ??ur task more efficiently?H?w ??n ??u change the steps of th? process ?nd still ?r?du?? the same r??ult? Bringing mindfuln??? t? a dr??d?d t??k gives ??u a fresh ??r????tiv?.Th? t??k it??lf might n?t b? fun, but th? g?m? ??n b?.I Dont Think I Can Do ItYou ?r? ???ign?d a n?w project b? your ?u??rvi??r.In fact, it’s ?n? you’ve wished he ?r she would give you f?r a while. H?w?v?r, n?w th?t it’? in your lap, ??u simply ??nn?t get ?t?rt?d. Y?u cannot g?t ???t thoughts ?f f?ilur?. Wh?t’? going to h????n if I bl?w it? H?w am I going to do this? Could I b? fired ?v?r this? It can r?? ?h a point wh?r? ?v?iding f?ilur? seems lik? the best possible ??ti?n. Aft?r ?ll, if ??u never engage in a ?r?j??t, you’ll n?v?r f?il. Right?Wr?ng! Pr??r??tin?ti?n it??lf i? failureâ€"failure t? utiliz? ??ur innate t?l?nt? ?nd ?biliti??. Wh?n you procrastinate, ??u’r? failing t? believe in ??ur??lf.R?m?mb?r when you were l??rning t? driv? ?nd you could ?nl? look ?tr?ight ahead, because if you l??k?d ?t ??m?thing ?ff th? road, you’d unwittingl? turn the wh??l in th?t dir??ti?n? Worrying ?b?ut ?v?r?thing that might g? wr?ng if ??u f?il h?? the ??m? ?ff??t. It ?ull? ??u toward f?ilur?.Y?u mu?t ?hift ??ur mind in a confident dir??ti?n by f??u?ing ?n all the positive thing? th?t ?r? g?ing t? h????n wh?n ??u ?u????d. Wh?n you b?li?v? ??u ??n d? ??m?thingâ€"?nd ??u vi?u?liz? the ???itiv? thing? that will come fr?m doing w?llâ€"??u ??ui? yourself to ?u????d.Thi? thought ?r????? gets ??ur mind h??d?d in the right dir??ti?n.W?rr?ing ?b?ut ?v?r?thing that could g? wr?ng only bind? your h ?nd?.Br??k th? ?h?in? ?nd g?t started!I am Afraid of FailingS?m?tim??, w? are t?? afraid t? do something ?r ?t?rt ?v?r ?g?in ?? w? h?v? ??nfirm?d in our h??d? th?t w? ?r? going t? f?il.But ??u mu?t r?mind ??ur??lf ?b?ut th? ????m?li?hm?nt.What if ??u d? it this time and then ?u????d?Think about th? ??? raise or th? ?xtr? income ??u w?ld ??rn ?r th? simple smile ??u would ?ut ?n that persons f??? wh? i? counting on you to get that work done.Wh?t is b?tt?r than th?t?If you w?rk ?ut regularly, ??u ?r? g?ing to l??k ?m?zing, ?nd everyone will b? all-praise f?r ??u.D?n’t you w?nt that?Lif? doesn’t ?t?? monotonous if you keep challenging yourself and th?t i? what ??u should d?.H?W DO YOU M?K? Y?UR SELF WORK WHEN YOU R??LL? D?N’T F??L LIK??  Dont Think, Just Do it AlreadyY?ur mind i? a ?r? at resisting pain ?nd di???mf?rt, ?nd it will ??m? u? with all ??rt? of th?ught? th?t will m?k? ??u procrastinate ?r influence ??ur decisions.Rather th?n sitting th?r? ?nd l?tting your mind just ru n wild with n?g?tivit?, just ?t?? thinking ?nd try t?king ??ti?n.Yes, it’? h?rd. And no, it won’t work ?ll th? time, but wh?n it d??? work, you’ll find that it won’t b? ?? b?d ?? ??ur mind w?? m?king it ?ut t? b?.Wh?n ??u are “n?t in a mood”, you g?t t? ignore your “sensitive” f??ling? and Ju?t Do It, ??l. I know it i? ?r?tt? ?bvi?u?, but it i? th? only motto whi?h can m?k? you g? on a run wh?n ??u d?n’t w?nt t? because it i? wh?t you need t? get done.Life i? not always about wh?t ??u “f??l” like d?ing.Cut It Out!Don’t l??k f?r motivation by sitting idly but by starting with a b?b? step.Meditate on Why You Need to Do ThisIn?t??d ?f giving in t? distraction, ?it th?r? f?r a minute ?nd meditate.Wh? do you n??d t? do this task you don’t w?nt to d??Sure, because it’? ?n your t? d? li?t, ?r because ??m??n? ?l?? w?nt? ??u t? d? it. Or ??u’r? g?tting ??id f?r it, ?r ??m??n?’? g?t to d? it.But why?What will this task help accomplish? Wh? is it h?l?ing?Dig dee per and find the g??d that ??u’r? ?r??ting in th? w?rld.If ??u’r? a di?hw??h?r, you might not think getting dirty di?h?? ?l??n m?tt?r?, but those di?h?? are r??uir?d to serve f??d, and th? f??d n?uri?h?? ????l? ?nd it can m?k? th?m h???? ?nd th?n they ??n g? out ?nd d? something g??d in th? w?rld with a ?mil? on th?ir f???.So connect th? di?h?? to th? g??d.Commit to Working on It For Just 20 MinutesD???it? b?ing aware ?f h?w gr??t thing? ??n b? if it ?ll w?rk? out, ??m?tim?? it’? still h?rd t? get moving when it ?ll ???m? so ?v?rwh?lming. During th??? tim?? when it ?ll f??l? lik? just too mu?h t? h?ndl?, ?t?rt with 20 minutes. An??n? ??n d? ju?t 20 minut??.Y?u’ll f??l r??ll? g??d about at l???t g?tting ?t?rt?d, ?nd it will ?r?b?bl? ?v?n giv? you some momentum t? ??ntinu?.Pr?mi?? ??ur??lf breaks to g?t up and gr?b a drink or ?t?? ?ut?id? for a br??th of fresh ?ir every 20 to 25 minutes to help maintain it ?nd look forward t? ??m?thing along th? w??.Focus More on Learning and Less on ResultsW? all w?nt thing? t? go our own w??, and w? all w?nt to b? in control. Sometimes we ju?t get ?? caught up in wh?t could g? wrong and how thing? turn out, w? forget all ?b?ut th? im??rt?n?? ?f l??rning ?nd gr?wing from th? ?x??ri?n??â€"?nd yes, virtually ?n?thing ??n b? ??n?id?r?d a l??rning ?x??ri?n??! It’? all about mind ??t. The right mind set is to create value, not what ??u w?uld g?t in return. S? once ??u are f??u?ing ?n th? v?lu? ?r??ti?n, you ??n b? m?tiv?t?d to get ?n with the w?rk immediately.Embr??? ?v?r?thing that h?? th? ??t?nti?l t? t???h you a n?w l????n and allow ??u t? discover n?w thing? ?b?ut th? w?rld or ??ur??lf. It will really h?l? t?k? ??ur mind ?ff ?f th? ?nd r??ult you’re looking f?r ?nd you start doing in?t??d ?f wondering.Write it outWh?n n?n? ?f these seem t? work, ju?t write. Pull ?ut a n?t?b??k or a bl?nk document ?n your ??m?ut?r and ju?t writ? whatever’s going through ??ur mind.Writing i? ?n? ?f the b??t things you can d? to ir?n ?ut everything th?t’? g?ing on in?id? ?f ??u, and it ?v?n gives ??u th? ????rtunit? t? consciously id?ntif? ?v?r?thing ??u’r? grateful for despite ?ll th? n?g?tiv? th?ught? ?nd emotions.Y?u d?n’t have t? f?k? being ???itiv? ?nd ?r?t?nd th?t the dreadful thing ??u need t? d? is actually ?w???m?.It’s m?r? about ???ing it h?w it is, ?????ting it ?nd finding new perspectives th?t ??tu?ll? d? r?v??l ??m? ???itiv? ?????t? ?b?ut it.Thi? w??, ??u w?uld realize ??u have ?t?rt?d d?ing that ?tuff ??u w?nt t? d?, th?ugh n?t directly, but it giv?? a m?m?nt?u? push to ?t?rt.Incentivize YourselfR?w?rd ??ur??lf, ?r ?t least, ?l?n t?. Treat ??ur??lf t? ??ur favourite coffee ?r t?? ?n ??ur w?? t? w?rk. Make lun?h ?l?n?. Schedule ??m?thing ni?? ?ft?r work, like a w?rk?ut, a g?t t?g?th?r with friends, ?r a ?j’? night ?t h?m? with a g??d m?vi?.R?mind ??ur??lf th??? thing? ?r? ?nl? possible if ??u get the work d?n? and over with now, r?th?r th?n dw?lling on it l?t?r in th? d?? wh?n ??u should b ? having fun.Make Things Easier for YourselfMaybe ??u need t? g? t? work, but ??u r??ll? d?n’t f??l like. M?k? thing? easier for yourself. Take a ??b in?t??d of th? bu?. Skip the tri? t? the dr? cleaner. W??r ??m?thing comfy. Cross ?ff a ??u?l? of thing? ?n ??ur “T? Do” li?t t? light?n th? load.Ask f?r th? ?u???rt ??u n??d fr?m ??ur ??rtn?r, fri?nd? and f?mil? ?v?n if it’? ju?t a pep t?lk ?r a littl? ?r?dding.Lighten the l??d ?f wh?t?v?r it i? you ?h?uld d? ?nd ??u would ??? h?w easy t? ?tuff look ?nd th?n ??u ??n have th? ?u?h t? get it d?n? already.Focus on Intention, not ResultsY?u ?r? ??ught u? with th? results ?f th? taskâ€"what will h????n if ??u do it, what f?ilur? might result.S? f?rg?t about th? r??ultâ€"??u ??n’t know wh?t it will b? ?n?w??.Th?t’? in th? future.For n?w, focus ?n ??ur intention: wh? are ??u doing it?If it’s t? m?k? th? lif? of a l?v?d one better, then th?t’? your intention.That int?nti?n i? tru? n? matter wh?t the r??ult might b?.Focus ?n th is, n?t what b?d things might or might n?t h????n.Do the Work that is Easier for YouPerhaps today isn’t the day you are g?ing to complete th? big project, but keep in mind that anything ??u do right n?w n? m?tt?r h?w small i? m?r? th?n wh?t ??u w?uld accomplish if you don’t start the work in th? fir?t ?l???.It b??i??ll? means th?t d?ing something i? ?lw??? a hundr?d ??r??nt m?r? productive th?n d?ing n?thing. G?t that filling d?n?, it i? n?t that diffi?ult ?nd moreover, ??u have t? ?v?ntu?ll? do it l?t?r, ?? wh? n?t g?t it ?v?r with.Complete that mindless paperwork whi?h d???n’t take mu?h of ??ur time ?r ?n?rg? ?r m?k? a ?u??l? run, r?th?r than t??kling ??m?thing th?t r??uir?? m?r? brain ??w?r ?r passion. Make ??ur j?b easier for ??ur??lf and you ??n get it d?n? with?ut ?v?n thinking ?b?ut it.Practice Self-CarePr??ti?? a f?w minutes ?f d??? breathing ?r guid?d m?dit?ti?n t? r?vit?liz? ??ur??lf.T?k? br??k? when ??u ??n ?t w?rk. Get ?ut of th? office ?nd w?lk ?r?und th? bl??k t? ?l??r th? ??bw?b? fr?m ??ur mind. Get ?r???r rest, nutriti?n ?nd ?x?r?i??.C?n?id?r a massage, m?ni-??di ?r similar if within ??ur budget. If n?t, ?h???? ??lf-??r? th?t i? free, ?u?h as r??ding a b??k, t?king a bubble bath, ?r practicing ??g?. R?fu?l yourself so th?t tomorrow is a b?tt?r d??!Baby StepsIf ??u t?k? a fir?t b?b? ?t??, it w?uld b? b?tt?r. As ??u might have h??rd, “W?ll begun i? half d?n?.” Do n?t beat ??ur??lf u? that you ?r? n?t doing it. It i? b?tt?r t? stay ?w?? from guilt b? ?u?hing yourself t?w?rd? ??ur goal.But, if b? ?n? ?h?n??, ??u ??nn?t f?r?? ??ur??lf to it, whi?h is alright too. It mu?t b? troubling for you and causing ??u th? ??in of ??m? kind t? be th?t diffi?ult.S?m?tim??, it i? ?k?? to l?t ??ur??lf l???? ?nd accept th?t there ?r? some things which ??u just cannot d?. N?t your f?ult, M?t?!If ??u h?v? t? writ? ??m?thing, ju?t writ? a sentence. Then g?t u?, get ??m? water, ?tr?t?h. P?t ??ur??lf ?n the b??k for g?tting ?t?rt?d! Now do a littl? more: writ? a f?w m?r? ??nt?n???.Get u?, t?k? a m?nt?l br??k (d?n’t g? t? another w?b?it?), d? a f?w push u??. G? back, d? a bit more. Pretty ???n, you’re in th? fl?w of it. It’? called baby steps ?nd it h?l??. Th?r? i? n? pressure, do it ?t ??ur ?wn ????.Do it with FriendsR?m?mb?r h?w ??u prepared f?r ??ur calculus exam in college when ??u ??uldn’t d? it ??ur??lf?Y??, fri?nd? ??n h?l? ??u wh?n ??u d?n’t feel lik? d? it ?ith?r ?t ?ll or alone.Y?u can j?in th? gym with th?m, ?r ??u could join di?t groups ?? ?ll of you t?g?th?r ??n ?h?d that w?ight fr?m your b?ll?, right?If ??u can manage t? find ??m? friends d? th?t “t?ugh” t??k with ??u, it would be l?v?l?!Set Yourself up to SucceedW?’d ?ll like to think w? h?v? th? will??w?r to r??i?t temptation, but ultimately … w? d?n’t (the f?rtun?t? f?w wh? d? probably d?n’t n??d ti?? on how t? w?rk wh?n th?? really d?n’t want t?).Kn?w ??ur??lf ?nd, instead ?f ?utting yourself into ?itu?ti?n? where ??u h?v? t? actively r??i?t tempt ation, tr? to avoid th??? t?m?t?ti?n? ?lt?g?th?r (th?r?’? a r????n th?t ????l? wh? ??n n?v?r eat “ju?t ?n? ???ki?” d?n’t k??? Costco ?iz? boxes ?f cookies at h?m?).B? ??h?duling ??ur writing ?nd writing br??k? ?r?und th? path ?f least r??i?t?n??, ??u can w?rk m?r? ?v?n wh?n you ?r? n?t in the mood.Don’t ?l?n t? ?t?? in the libr?r? on a Frid?? night and writ? fiv? ??g?? ?f a d?n?? ?nd ??m?li??t?d paper when you kn?w a fri?nd is h?ving a birthd?? ??rt?.Odd? are, ??u’ll ?nd u? leaving th? libr?r? f?r th? party, and f??ling guilt? for not h?ving ??hi?v?d your writing g??l f?r the day. In?t??d, be r??li?ti? and give ??ur??lf Frid?? night off â€" with the ?r?mi?? th?t ??u will d?v?t? tw? hours to th? paper on S?turd?? morning in?t??d.Simil?rl?, wh?n ??u take a br??k from w?rk, m?k? sure your ?l?nn?d “br??k activity” m?k?? sense in th? context ?f your ??h?dul?. If you’ve d??id?d to take a fift??n-minut? break, don’t t?ll ??ur??lf th?t ??u’ll watch “ju?t” fifteen m inut?? of ?n h?ur-l?ng episode.It i? f?r t?? easy to end up w?t?hing the entire ?h?w; w?t?h fift??n minut??’ worth ?f m?vi? tr?il?r? or YouTube videos ?r take a ?h?rt walk in?t??d.Call in the CavalryIf it w?r? ???? t? ??t and ?ti?k to d??dlin?? ?ll by ourselves, n?b?d? w?uld ?r??r??tin?t?.But we’re hum?n, ?nd ?? it’s h?rd.Y?u can h?l? ??ur??lf out b? creating “?ut?id? ????unt?bilit?” ?h??k? t? m?tiv?t? you thr?ugh that w?rk th?t needs t? b? d?n?.F?r example, ask your friend or b??? (depending on the situation ?r t??? ?f w?rk) if he ?r ?h? w?uld ??ll th? check up ?n you ?r ask how far you h?v? gotten with th? w?rk.If that’s n?t good ?n?ugh f?r ??u, ??k them t? ??m? ?h??k u? on ??u in a ??u?l? ?f h?ur? wh?n ??u ?h?uld b? done with th? w?rk. Thi? giv?? you a ??n?? of urgency t? d? th? work n?w.Kn?wing that you h?v? t? show ??ur work to ?n?th?r person ??n be a great m?tiv?t?r f?r g?tting things d?n?, and getting them d?n? w?ll.If ??u don’t w?nt to m?k? ?n ????intm?nt with someone wh? will ??m? ??? the w?rk, there ?r? still ??v?r?l w??? other ????l? ??n h?l? you stay ?n tr??k.Make your g??l? ?ubli? â€" tell ??ur fri?nd?, ??ur f?mil?, ?r ??ur roommate that ??u are w?rking. S?, wh?n the urg? strikes t? w?t?h TV ?r ?ut ?ff th? w?rk until t?m?rr?w, ??u’ll h?v? ????l? t? g?ntl? (?r not-so-gently) ???, “D?n’t you h?v? ??m?thing to d? n?w?”A? a rul?, w? t?nd to ?v?id asking for h?l? ?r ?h?ring our diffi?ulti?? with ?th?r people â€" t?lling ??ur boss “I ju?t d?n’t kn?w h?w t? do this” m?? ???m lik? a shameful ?dmi??i?n ?f defeat, but it’? n?t.Y?u simply n??d a littl? guidance or ?u?h ?nd th?n ??u ??n b?gin ?nd g?t it d?n? quickly.There is n? shame in ??king f?r help or assistance to d? something ??u ?r? ?u?????d to d?.Aft?r ?ll, w? all agree that n? m?n i? an i?l?nd.C?N?LU?I?NS?m? ?f u? l?v? our jobs while ??m? ?f u? hate it.At tim??, w? l?v? it for th? environment in ?ur ?ffi?? ?nd other tim?? we hate it b???u?? we are not doing wh?t w? l?v?. Some of u? also d?n’t lik? th? ??tiviti?? w? h?v? t? do but w? h?v? to d? th?m anyways ?nd th?t really m?k?? u? ??d ?nd th?m we b?gin t? ?ut th?m ?ff. Whatever be th? ????, th?r? ?r? days wh?n w? ?r? b?r?d ?f doing th?t ?tuff that we are ?u?????d to d?.Well, th?? ?r? n?t adventurous t??k lik? th?t ?f Superman wh? has to save ????l?, plus k??? flying, ?? it is ?bvi?u? that ?ur w?rk gets irksome ?nd t?di?u?.It’s not your f?ult, it’s how lif? rul?? are for most ?f u?.Follow th??? f?w ti?? and ??u might ju?t find the one th?t springs ??u int? ??ti?n.

The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien - 580 Words

In life, everyone has obligations. People have responsibilities they have to tend to everyday, but sometimes there are passions of love or revenge that makes one stop thinking of what their true responsibilities are. For soldiers fighting in war, their responsibility is to take care of their men and make sure no one gets hurt. They fight for their country and protect the men who have become their family. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross went against his honor to protect his men. He let his responsibly go, which caused one of the men in his group to die. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross confronts the demands of the love for Martha, which conflicts with his responsibility in the war, which affects him and the story. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is sent to war, but is leaving behind someone he loves. Jimmy is in love with Martha, but the love between them isn’t the same. Jimmy loves her and would wish to marry her, but Martha doesn’t love him in the same way and doesn’t want to be with him. Jimmy carries photographs of Martha with him at all times. Martha is consistently on his mind, which distracts him from his duties in the military. One day, the men are out in combat and as always, Jimmy is thinking about Martha. Ted Lavender is scared of the war and carries 34 rounds of ammo with him. While they were out in combat, Lavender gets shot, collapses, and dies. Lieutenant Cross emerged from daydreaming and felt the pain of Lavenders death. He came to realize he was to blame for the death of TedShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried by Tim Obrien1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe War at Home The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien, transports the reader into the minds of veterans of the Vietnam conflict. The Vietnam War dramatically changed Tim O’Brien and his comrades, making their return home a turbulent and difficult transition. 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Liberal Arguments Against the Death Penalty

The problem with the death penalty was on stark display last week in Arizona. No one disputes that Joseph R. Wood III committed a horrific crime when he killed his ex-girlfriend and her father in 1989. The problem is that Woods execution, 25 years after the crime, went horribly wrong as he gasped, choked, snored, and in other ways resisted the lethal injection that was supposed to kill him quickly but dragged on for nearly two hours. In an unprecedented move, Woods attorneys even appealed to a Supreme Court justice during the execution, hoping for a federal order that would mandate that the prison administer life-saving measures.Woods extended execution has many criticizing the protocol Arizona used to execute him, especially whether it is right or wrong to use untested drug cocktails in executions.  His execution now joins those of Dennis McGuire in Ohio and Clayton D. Lockett in Oklahoma as questionable applications of the death penalty. In each of these cases, the condemned men appeared to experience prolonged suffering during their executions.   A Brief History of the Death Penalty in America For liberals the larger issue is not how inhumane the method of execution is, but whether the death penalty itself is cruel and unusual. To liberals, the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution is clear. It reads, Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. What is not clear, however, is what cruel and unusual means. Throughout history, Americans and, more specifically, the Supreme Court have gone back and forth on whether the death penalty is cruel. The Supreme Court effectively found the death penalty unconstitutional in 1972 when it ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was often too arbitrarily applied. Justice Potter Stewart said that the random way that states decided on the death penalty was comparable to the randomness of being struck by lightning. But the Court seemingly reversed itself in 1976, and state-sponsored executions resumed. What Liberals Believe To liberals, the death penalty is itself an affront to the principles of liberalism. These are the specific arguments liberals use against the death penalty, including a commitment to humanism and equality. Liberals agree that one of the fundamental underpinnings of a just society is the right to due process, and the death penalty compromises that. Too many factors, such as race, economic status, and access to adequate legal representation, prevent the judicial process from guaranteeing that each of the accused receives due process. Liberals agree with the American Civil Liberties Union, which states, The death penalty system in the U.S. is applied in an unfair and unjust manner against people, largely dependent on how much money they have, the skill of their attorneys, race of the victim and where the crime took place. People of color are far more likely to be executed than white people, especially if the victim is white.Liberals believe that death is both a cruel and unusual punishment.  Unlike conservatives, who follow the biblical eye for an eye doctrine, liberals argue that the death penalty is merely state-sponsored murder that violates the human right to life. They agree with t he U.S. Catholic Conference that we cannot teach that killing is wrong by killing.Liberals argue that the death penalty does not reduce the prevalence of violent crimes.  Again, according to the ACLU, The vast majority of law enforcement professionals surveyed agree that capital punishment does not deter violent crime; a survey of police chiefs nationwide found they rank the death penalty lowest among ways to reduce violent crime...The FBI has found the states with the death penalty have the highest murder rates. The recent death penalty executions have graphically illustrated all of these concerns. Heinous crimes must be met with firm punishment. Liberals do not question the need to punish those who commit such crimes, both in order to affirm that bad behavior has consequences but also to provide justice for victims of those crimes. Rather, liberals question whether the death penalty upholds American ideals or violates them. To most liberals, state-sponsored executions are an example of a state that has embraced barbarism rather than humanism.

The Glass Menagerie (Critical Article #1) Free Essays

string(55) " paint the picture during the act of recalling† \(p\." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association http://apa. sagepub. com Tennessee Williams: The Uses of Declarative Memory in the Glass Menagerie Daniel Jacobs J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2001; 50; 1259 DOI: 10. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glass Menagerie (Critical Article #1) or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1177/00030651020500040901 The online version of this article can be found at: http://apa. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/50/4/1259 Published by: http://www. sagepublications. com On behalf of: American Psychoanalytic Association Additional services and information for Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association can be found at: Email Alerts: http://apa. agepub. com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://apa. sagepub. com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www. sagepub. com/journalsReprints. nav Permissions: http://www. sagepub. com/journalsPermissions. nav Citations http://apa. sagepub. com/cgi/content/refs/50/4/1259 Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 jap a Daniel Jacobs 50/4 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS: THE USES OF DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE Tennessee Williams called his first great work, The Glass Menagerie, his â€Å"memory play. The situation in which Williams found himself when he began writing the play is explored , as are the ways in which he used the declarative memory of his protagonist, Tom Wingfield, to express and deal with his own painful conflicts. Williams’s use of stage directions, lighting, and music to evoke memory and render it three-dimensional is described. Through a close study of The Glass Menagerie, the many uses of memory for the purposes of wish fulfillment, conflict resolution, and resilience are examined. T he place: St. Louis, Missouri. The year: 1943. Thomas Lanier Williams, age thirty-two, known as Tennessee, has returned to his parents’ home. He has had a few minor successes. Several of his shorter plays have been produced by the Mummers in St. Louis. For another, staged by the Webster Grove Theater Guild, he was awarded an engraved silver cake plate. He has retained Audrey Wood as his literary agent and with her help had several years earlier won a Rockefeller fellowship to support his writing. But Williams’s Fallen Angels bombed in Boston the previous summer. Its sponsor, the Theater Guild, decided not to bring the play to New York. Since obtaining a B. A. from the University of Iowa in l938, Williams has been broke more often than not. He has no home of his own. He’s led an itinerant existence, living in New Orleans, New York, Provincetown, and Mexico, as well as Macon, Georgia, and Training and Supervising Analyst, Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute; faculty, Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis; Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School. Submitted for publication October 12, 2001. Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1260 Culver City, California. He has subsisted on menial jobs—waiting tables, operating an elevator, ushering at movie theaters—tasks for which he is not f itted and from which he is often f ired. His vision in one eye is compromised by a cataract that has already necessitated surgery. And just before moving back home from New York, he was beaten up by sailors he took to the Claridge Hotel for a sexual liaison. Arriving home in 1943, Tennessee f inds many things unchanged: his parents, Cornelius and Edwina, remain unhappily married and their bitter quarrels f ill the house. Williams must again deal with the father he despises. Tennessee is pressured by Cornelius, who opposed his return home, to f ind a job. If Tennessee will not return to work at the International Shoe Company, as Cornelius advises, then he must earn his keep by performing endless domestic chores. But it is the changes in the family that are even more troubling. Williams’s younger brother Dacon is in the army and may be sent into combat after basic training. His maternal grandparents have moved in because Grandma Rose, now conf ined to an upstairs bedroom, is slowly dying. Most important of all, Tennessee’s beloved sister, also named Rose and two years older than he, is no longer at home. She has in fact been at the State Asylum in Farmington since l937. Diagnosed schizophrenic, she has recently undergone a bilateral prefrontal lobotomy to control her aggressive behavior and overtly sexual preoccupations. During this stay at home, Williams visits Rose for the f irst time since her surgery. He f inds her behavior more ladylike, but she remains clearly delusional. The lobotomy, Williams realizes, was â€Å"a tragically mistaken procedure† that deprived her of any possibility of returning to â€Å"normal life† (Williams 1972, p. 251). â€Å"The poor children,† he will write of his St. Louis childhood, â€Å"used to run all over town, but my sister and I played in our own back yard. . . . We were so close to each other, we had no need of others† (Nelson 1961. p. 4). Now, for Tennessee, Rose is irretrievably lost except as a memory, alternately recalled in pain and shut out in self-defense. Williams cannot abide his situation, thrown amid his parents’ bitter quarrels, the slow death of his grandmother, and the terrible absence of his sister. His only escape: the hours of writing he does every day in the basement of the family home. Here, between washing garage windows and repairing the gutters on the back porch, he writes the â€Å"memory play† that he f irst calls The Gentlemen Caller and then Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE The Glass Menagerie. The play is a brilliant, profound, and intricate study of declarative memory and its psychological uses. DECLARATIVE MEMORY Declarative memory is the system that provides the basis for conscious recollection of facts and events. But this system, we know, is not just a warehouse of information, of veridical memories of actual happenings that can be retrieved at will. Rather, like an autobiographical play, declarative memory is a creative construction forged from past events and from the fears, wishes, and conf licts of the one who is remembering. As Schacter (1995) notes, â€Å"The way you remember depends on the purposes and goals at the time you attempt to recall it. You help paint the picture during the act of recalling† (p. You read "The Glass Menagerie (Critical Article #1)" in category "Papers" 23). It was just this complex and creative aspect of memory formation that led Freud (l899) to write that â€Å"our childhood memories show us our earliest years but as they appeared in later periods when memory was aroused† (p. 322). The stories we tell of our lives are as much about meanings as they are about facts. In the subjective and selective telling of the past, our histories are not just recalled, but reconstructed. History is not recounted, but remade. Williams understood this when he wrote, in the stage directions of The Glass Menagerie, that â€Å"memory takes a lot of license, it omits some details, others are exaggerated to the emotional value of the article it touches, for memory is seated predominantly in the heart† (p. 21). Williams has Tom Wingf ield, the play’s protagonist, tell us this. In his opening speech, Tom is both creative artist and unreliable rememberer: â€Å"I have tricks in my pockets. I have things up my sleeve. . . . I give you truth in the pleasant guise of illusion† (p. 2). In this way, Williams warns us from the play’s beginning that memory is a tricky business—f ickle, changeable, susceptible to distortion and embellishment, but always true to the current emotional needs of the rememberer. This paper is an exploration of the emotional needs of the rememberer—of Tom Wingfield, the rememberer in the play, and Tom Williams, the rememberer as writer. Williams could have chosen any f irst name for his protagonist. He chose his own to emphasize the loosening of boundaries between fact and f iction. It is as though he is telling us that autobiography—which is, after all, organized declarative memory—is Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1261 Daniel Jacobs 1262 an elaborate f iction based on facts. And that f iction (the creative use of memory) is at its heart emotional autobiography. Both Tom Wingf ield and Tom Williams carry a burden of guilt for leaving the family, especially a disabled sister, and have a need to justify their behavior through the use of recollection. Both Toms live with deep sorrow alongside a wish to retaliate against loved ones who have disappointed them. Remembering is for both Toms, as for all of us, a coat of many colors, worn to set us apart from others as well as link us to them, to justify our choices, to take revenge on others, to compete with them, to kill them once again, or to resurrect them from the grave. The distortions and selective uses of memory are as manifold as the needs of the rememberer. Williams endows each character in his play with his or her own dynamic uses of memory. Amanda can escape the harshness of her current situation by evoking memories of a triumphant past. She is like a patient Kris (l956b) describes who â€Å"while the tensions of the present were threatening . . . was master of those conjured up in recollection† (p. 305). Amanda’s use of memories is aggressive as well, used as a weapon against her husband and children. In constantly contrasting the memories of a happy youth with the unhappiness of her marriage and the bleakness of her children’s lives, her anger and competitiveness take a brutal form. Unlike Amanda, her daughter Laura, who is crippled, has relatively few memories. But the memory of Jim, the gentleman caller, provides her a modicum of comfort. In a pale and pathetic imitation of her mother’s recollections of a house f illed with jonquils, she recalls that Jim gives her a single bouquet of sorts, the sobriquet â€Å"blue roses. † It is a nickname derived from his psychologically intuitive misunderstanding of the illness â€Å"pleurosis,† which had kept Laura out of school. She cannot compete with her mother in the fond memory department and retreats to the concrete but fragile satisfactions of her glass menagerie, where memory and imagination are safely stored—until Jim arrives. The gentleman caller is a man who lives in the present and seems to have little use for the past. It is the future to which he looks. In fact, one feels that memory of his high school greatness are both a satisfaction and a threat to him. For he, like John Updike’s Harry Angstrom (1960) will never experience the glory days of the past. He says as much to Laura: â€Å"But just look around you and you will see lots of people disappointed as you are. For instance, I had hoped when I was going to high school that I would be further along at this time, six years later, Downloaded from http://apa. agepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE than I am now. You remember that wonderful write-up I had in ‘The Torch’ † (p. 94). While Amanda revels in her triumphant past as a way of dealing with the present, Jim runs from his into the future. Seeing in the crippled Laura some aspect of his own feared limitati ons, he tries to help her overcome hers through encouragement and f inally a kiss. His inability to help her in the end may be a harbinger of his own failures. MEMORY AND LOSS Williams was aware also that declarative memory is paradoxical in that it resurrects and keeps alive in the present what is dead and gone forever. Referring to this paradoxical aspect of memory, he wrote that â€Å"when Wordsworth speaks of daffodils or Shelley of the skylark or Hart Crane of the delicate and inspiring structure of the Brooklyn Bridge, the screen imagism is not so opaque that one cannot surmise behind it the ineluctable form of Ophelia† (Leverich 1995, p. 536). The very presence of memory implies loss. Memory, if you will, is the exquisite lifelike corpse that both denies and acknowledges what has passed away. There is for all of us that double vision that memory imparts, one that at once has the capacity to help and to hurt. Declarative memory provides coherence and direction to our lives, but also reminds us that our path inevitably leads to disintegration and death. The daffodils recollected in tranquility are, at the same time, Ophelia’s garland. Amanda Wingf ield’s recollection of her past social triumphs only reminds us of how much time has passed and how many hopes have been dashed. Laura’s attachment to the happy memories of childhood innocence represented by her glass menagerie only makes harsher the realities of her adult life and the bleakness of her future. Laura and Amanda are represented as having a choice between the infantile omnipotence of their past or a feeling of victimization in the present. When Amanda stirs up old memories as a hedge against the painful present and uncertain future, they are only partially effective. For the contrast between past and present, and the knowledge that what is past will never come again, lead only to further depression and anxiety (Schneiderman 1986). Similarly, behind Tom the protagonist’s memory of Laura at home lies, for Tom the author, the real Rose in a current state of institutionalized madness. Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1263 Daniel Jacobs MEMORY AND RESILIENCE 1264 Davis (2001) points out the contribution declarative memory can make to resilience â€Å"through soothing af fects that are evoked in recalling a declarative memory of a loving relationship with a parent or other important person† (p. 459). Such memories can grow directly out of warm relationships or â€Å"they can be achieved through retrieving and modifying memory of more problematic attachments† (p. 466). Davis illustrates his point with the example of Mr. Byrne, a subject in a longitudinal study of adult development. Davis focuses on the fact that in interviews at different times in adult life, Mr. Byrne’s memories of his father changed. At age forty-six, surrounded by a supportive community and family, Mr. Byrne had no memories of his alcoholic and neglectful father and did not think his father’s being a f ireman had inf luenced his own decision to become one. At sixty-six, retired and with his children grown, Mr. Byrne â€Å"had succeeded in ‘f inding’ his father inside as a sustaining inner object in declarative memory (p. 465). He did so through creating or retrieving warm memories of their times together in the f irehouse and by ‘misremembering’ the humiliating events of his father’s death so as to have a more positive image of him. Mr. Byrne’s father had committed suicide, alone and away from the family. But late in life, Mr. Byrne spoke frequently of his father’s having taken him to the f ire station when he was a youngster. He was now sure these happy times with his father had inf luenced his decision to become a f ireman himself. He placed his father’s death in a family setting and claimed to have been the one who found him. Davis points out that we often create the memories we need in order to maintain psychological resilience and mental health. Whatever good experiences Mr. Byrne did have with a diff icult and neglectful father seem to have been magnif ied through the lens of memory aided by imagination in the service of wish fulf illment. It is an example of what Kris (1956a) meant by describing autobiographical memory as telescopic, dynamic, and lacking in autonomy: â€Å"our autobiographical memory is in a constant state of f lux, is constantly being reorganized, and is constantly being subject to the changes which the tensions of the present tend to impose† (p. 299). In a way, Williams does the same thing by creating a memory play. Lonely, guilty over his sister’s fate, f inding St. Louis and his family unbearable, Williams begins writing a play that both ref lects his current Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. om at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE suffering and at the same time assuages it. In writing The Glass Menagerie, he creates for himself one of those delicate glass animals— a small tender bit of illusion that relieves him of the austere pattern of life as it is lived in the present and makes it more bearable. He does so not by setting his play in the harsh realities of the present, too painful to write about, but in creatively altered memory. Sitting at his writing table, Williams reclaims his sister (Laura in the play) from the State Asylum and places her at home again. She is not frankly delusional and lobotomized. She is not even in Rose’s presurgical state of illness—a state of aggressiveness and talkativeness made worse by utter and unending vulgarity. Instead, she is portrayed as painfully shy, weak, and schizoid. And Cornelius, the real-life father he must face daily, is gone. Gone from the play for dramatic purposes to be sure: the play would lose a certain edge were there another breadwinner in the house. But in the play, Williams expresses his wish to reconstruct reality and, in this play of memory and desire, rid himself of the old man. Yet he is not entirely gone, for the father’s picture hangs on the wall, like Hamlet’s ghost, reminding us of a son’s ambivalent longing for a father. For in 1943 and throughout his life, Williams longed for some man to comfort and help him. In the play, his own wish for a supportive, loving father is transformed into the wish for the gentleman caller—someone who, unlike his father, will help Laura, satisfy Amanda, and, by his assuring presence, bless Tom’s own departure. He is not only the person Williams longs for, but also the one he longs to be, though he knows it is a role he can never play. It is no accident then that Jim, the gentleman caller, conveys an uncomfortable uncertainty about his future. He is, in a sense, the failed high school â€Å"hero,† with perhaps unrealizable dreams for the future. Jim already hints that the realities of life may not meet his expectations. He expresses resentment at having to work at two jobs: his work and his marriage, in which he has to â€Å"punch the clock† every night with Betty. He is f lirtatious with Laura, even going so far as to kiss her, showing a clear sympathy and attraction to women other than his f iancee. Tennessee’s father, a bitter man from a prominent Southern family, a heavy drinker and a womanizer, while banned from the play, haunts it through his portrait and is resurrected in the f lesh in Jim, who is likewise disappointing and cannot be counted on and who, in the future, may come to resemble Cornelius. In his own life, Williams found and lost gentlemen callers hundreds of times over. And when he was Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1265 Daniel Jacobs ot looking for the gentleman caller, he was being one, abandoning and disappointing those who loved him. The only one he was truly faithful to was Rose. Memories are like dreams or fantasies in that all the characters remembered at a particular moment may represent aspects of the rememberer’s own personality. Amanda’s steely will to survive is ref lected in Tom’s stubborn insistence on leaving. Laura’s fragility and submissiveness are wha t he must try to get away from in himself. Jim is the artist manque, the average joe Tom fears he will become if he doesn’t leave. THE STAGING OF MEMORY 1266 Through the very structure of his play and the physical placement of its characters, Williams shows us that we cannot have a past without a present or a present uninf luenced by the past. He takes us back and forth in time as Tom Wingf ield literally steps in and out of the railroad f lat of his memory. He both ref lects on his past and participates in it, as his memories come alive. All the play’s characters slip in and out of memory, from present to past and back again, as they interact with one another, forging their current identity and present relationship in the anvil of a past they selectively remember. The stage set that Williams proposed concretizes the alternating forward and backward movement of time that takes place in the characters’ and in all of our minds. Tom’s opening soliloquy is stage front in the present and is often played outside the apartment. The scene that follows is from the past, set in a dining room at the back of the stage, as if to emphasize the remoteness of memory. The f igures move backward and forward on stage, like memories themselves, coming into consciousness and then receding. Lighting is used in a similar way: to emphasize through spotlighting the highly selective and highly cathected aspects of memory. Lightness and darkness, dimness and clarity, play an important role in the ambience of the play, heightening the shifting play of memory. Williams is specif ic about the use of lighting in his production notes for The Glass Menagerie: â€Å"The lighting in the play is not realistic. In keeping with the atmosphere of memory, the stage is dim. Shafts of light are focused on selected areas or actors, sometimes in contradistinction to what is the apparent center. . . . A free and imaginative use Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. om at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE of light can be of enormous value in giving mobile, plastic quality to plays of more or less static nature† (Williams 1945, p. 10). By commissioning an original musical score, Williams makes a deliberate attempt to evoke memory in members of the audience— memories of their own youthful stirrings, with all the fears and pleasures that attend them. Schac ter (1996) notes that it is the memories of adolescence and early adulthood that are most often retained as we grow older. In asking Paul Bowles to write a new piece of music for his play, Williams, I think, is playing with the notion that memory is a new creation, similar to Bowles’s new music, Williams counts on the fact that while the score has never been heard before by the audience, it nevertheless feels familiar and seems a part of one’s previous experience. While the music may stimulate declarative memories of young adulthood in the audience, by its wordlessness it is designed to evoke nondeclarative memory experienced as a feeling state (Davis 2001). By using a new score rather than relying on familiar tunes, Williams insists that memory is an invention of the present rather than a reproduction of the past. CONCLUSION 1267 So we have Tom Williams in his basement room writing about Tom Wingf ield. His protagonist is thrust both forward and backward in time: Tom Wingf ield in 1945 is ref lecting on a time before World War II began. Tom Wingf ield is Tennessee and not him at the same time. The memories Williams calls forth from his own experiences are transformed in ways that are not only dramatically but psychologically necessary for the author. Rendering the truth through selective and transformed memory, Williams creates his own glass menagerie to which he could each day retreat from the harsh realities of his life in St. Louis in l943. He creates fragile f igures he can control, moving them around the imagined setting of creative memory. In creating the play, he can always be near Rose. On the page and on the stage, the two are bound forever, like f igures on a Grecian urn. At the same time, the play is a justif ication for Tennessee’s departure from the family, a plea for understanding as to why he must leave the altered Rose (his castrated self) behind and pursue his own path. Freud (1908) pointed out how both in creative writing and fantasy â€Å"past, present, and future are strung together, as it were, on the thread of the wish that runs through Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1268 them† (p. 141). In the process of writing The Glass Menagerie, the infantile wish to reunite with Rose, to rid himself of a hateful father, and to overcome the threats of castration that Rose’s situation and his own imply, f inds a solution to his torments. He does what Tom Wingf ield does in the play. He leaves. By May of l943, Tennessee is on his way to Hollywood to become, for a short time, a screenwriter. But like Tom Wingf ield, Tennessee cannot leave his past behind. He will be as faithful to Rose as Tom Wingf ield is to Laura when at the play’s end he says, â€Å"I tried to leave you behind me, but I am much more faithful than I intended to be† (p. 115). Of their relationship, Rasky (l986) wrote, â€Å"Just as Siamese twins may be joined at the hip or breastbone, Tennessee was joined to his sister, Rose, by the heart. . . In the history of love, there has seldom been such devotion as that which Tennessee showed his lobotomized sister† (p. 51). Peter Altman, former director of Boston’s Huntington Theater, points out how with the writing of The Glass Menagerie Williams blows out the candles on an overtly autobiographical form of writing and moves on to create full-length plays less obviously reliant on t he concrete details of his own history (private communication, 1997). While he could never psychologically free himself from the traumatic events of his upbringing, artistically he was able to move ahead. By creating within and through the play his own glass menagerie, where the characters are f ixed and can live forever in troubled togetherness, he grants himself permission to leave St. Louis once again. Such a creation is akin to Kris’s description of the personal myth (1956a): â€Å"A coherent set of autobiographical memories, a picture of one’s course of life as part of the self-representation [that] has attracted a particular investment, it is defensive inasmuch as it prevents certain experiences and groups of impulses from reaching consciousness. At the same time, the autobiographical self-image has taken the place of a repressed fantasy . . † (p. 294). But in the patients Kris described, sections of personal history had been repressed and the autobiographical myth created to maintain that repression. In Williams’s case, he is quite conscious of the distortions in his â€Å"memory play,† but creativity serves a function for the artist similar t o that served by personal myth in Kris’s patients. Williams is able to separate further from his family by keeping himself, through his memory play, attached to them forever, selectively remembered and frozen in time in a way painful, yet acceptable, to him. By writing the play, a visual representation of memory and Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE wish, Williams creates a permanent wish-fulf illing hallucination providing gratif ication and psychic survival (see Freud 1908). Of his sister Rose’s collection of glass animals, which was transformed into Laura’s glass menagerie, Williams wrote that â€Å"they stood for all the small tender things (including, I think, happy memories) that relieve the austere pattern of life and make it endurable to the sensitive. The areaway [the alley behind his family’s f lat in St. Louis, where cats were torn to pieces by dogs] was one thing—my sister’s white curtains and tiny menagerie of glass were another. Somewhere between them was the world we lived in† (Nelson 1961, p. 8). What enables Williams to survive psychically and adds to his resilience in St. Louis in l943 is, I believe, his ability to create a space between the bitter realities of family life and his impulse to f lee and forget it all—to blow out the candles of memory. That space was his memory play, a space he inhabited daily through his writing, a space of some resilience where psychologically needed memories are created amid the pain and sorrow of the present. And in so doing, he reminds us all of the role memory plays in our survival. Our memories are like glass menageries, precious, delicate, and chameleonlike. We can become trapped by them like Laura and Amanda. Or, as in the case of Tennessee and Mr. Byrne, we can gain resilience from their plasticity that allows us to move forward psychologically. Williams wrote, in his essay â€Å"The Catastrophe of Success† (1975), that â€Å"the monosyllable of the clock is Loss, loss, loss, unless you devote your heart to its opposition† (p. 17). Tennessee felt that for him the heart’s opposition could best be expressed through writing. He felt that the artist, his adventures, travels, loves, and humiliations are resolved in the creative product that becomes his indestructible life. (Leverich 1995, p. 268) I think he might have agreed that while creative work plays that role for the artist, memory and fantasy are its equivalent for all of us. Williams knew that it is through the creative transformation of experience, sometimes in verse, sometimes in memory, that we draw nearer to that â€Å"long delayed but always expected something we live for† (1945, p. 23). REFERENCES 1269 DAVIS, J. (2001). Gone but not forgotten: Declarative and non-declarative memory processes and their contribution to resilience. Bulletin of the Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1270 Menninger Clinic 65:451–470. FREUD, S. (1899). Screen memories. Standard Edition 3:301–322. ——— (1908). Creative writers and day-dreaming. Standard Edition 9:143–153. K RIS , E. (1956a). The personal myth. In The Selected Papers of Ernst Kris. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975, pp. 272–300. ——— (1956b). The recovery of childhood memories in psychoanalysis. In The Selected Papers of Ernst Kris. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975, pp. 301–340. LEVERICH, L. (1995). Tom: The Unknown Tennessee Williams. New York: Norton. NELSON, B. (1961). Tennessee Williams: The Man and His Work. New York: Obolensky. RASKY, H. (1986). Tennessee Williams: A Portrait in Laughter and Lamentation. Niagara Falls: Mosaic Press. SCHACTER, D. (1995). In Search of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. SCHNEIDERMAN, L. (1986). Tennessee Williams: The incest motif and f ictional love relationships. Psychoanalytic Review 73:97–110. UPDIKE, J. (l960). Rabbit, Run. New York: Knopf. WILLIAMS, T. (1945). The Glass Menagerie. New York: New Direc-tions, l975. ——— (l972). Memoirs. New York: Doubleday. ——— (l975). The catastrophe of success. In The Glass Menagerie. New York: New Directions, 1975, pp. 11–17. 64 Williston Road Brookline, MA 02146 E-mail: Danjacobs@rcn. com Downloaded from http://apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 How to cite The Glass Menagerie (Critical Article #1), Papers

Value of Eclectic Paradigm in Relation to International Business

Introduction Eclectic paradigm is a theory used in the field of business economics. It is also referred to as OLI-Framework or OLI-Model, and has been related to international business through the advantages it possesses, which benefit multinational corporations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Value of Eclectic Paradigm in Relation to International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is describes an improvement of Dunning theory of internalization that was based on transaction cost theory. Eclectic paradigm has been the strongest ever paradigm that offers a greater understanding of cross-border transaction and foreign value-added activities of business firms. This is through agreements on inter-firm collaboration and trading at arm’s length (Dunning, 1997, p.4). Application of theories There was an earlier belief that no single theory could explain the existence of foreign direct investment. This is the reason why Dunning come up with the eclectic approach. He suggested that international production is a result of internalization, ownership, and localization process. These theories target the determinants of foreign direct investment. According to Dunning, it is much possible to view the act of using international financial market as a cover mechanism to mobilize ownership and location factors through foreign portfolio investment FPI. This is in the case when the decision involved in FPI is firm specific and recognized (Dunning Gray, 2003, p.16). In real world, eclectic paradigm can be used to give a clear explanation on the means of ownership, internalization, and location advantages, which give shape to multinational Enterprise (MNE) entry to specific market (Johnson Turner, 2003, p.226). Modes of Internationalization Internationalization aspects are more culturally based visions that highlight human variables underlying particular corporate actions. In addition, Intern ationalization is associated with economic and business strategy analyses of international market (Sitkin Bowen, 2010). There are various modes of entry into international markets including direct export, licensing, international agents, international distributors, strategic alliances, joint ventures, overseas manufacturing, and international sales subsidiaries. Internationalization process takes place in a number of stages that involve indirect licensing, direct exporting through a local distributor, foreign presence, home manufacture, foreign assembly, and manufacturing (Anon, N.d).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Comparison and Contrast between Comparative Advantage and Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm Comparative advantage This may be defined simply as the ability of an individual, company, or economy to conduct an activity better than another for some fixed, almost u nchangeable reason. Comparative advantage is important in making decisions such as what products one should make or sell. If a company is unable to make a product that is unlikely to change, the company might be well advised to make a different product. Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm In his theory, Dunning recommends on future improvements and reappraisal of the OLI characteristics of the paradigm and accepts the increasing importance of indulging in FDI (Margardt, 2007, p.31). His concepts of localization and ownership advantage enlarged the standard neoclassical theories of international production and dealt more on empirical facts (Cheng Hitt, 2004, p. 30). Just like internalization paradigm, Eclectic Paradigm provides an analytical outline that aims at explaining the activities of industrial formats, growth, geographical movement and any type of international business. Its operational robustness in international market is also limited (Dunning, 1997, P.4). In addition, it r ejects all the means related to international production. The theory also picks important competing ways to explain the international phenomenon. The starting point of eclectic paradigm is the Heckscher-Ohlin factor. This assumption factor acts as an endowment explanatory factor for international trade. The theory’s assumptions imply that all the international markets operate efficiently, no scale for economies, and presence of perfect and costless information (Johnson Turner, 2003, p.225). Born Global’s Relation to International Theories Born Global firm is a business organization that utilizes resources of any given country or several countries. These firms are the ones that are growing in numbers in international business activities (Cavusgil Knight, 2009, p.1). Scholars in the early 1980’s started to recognize the ability of some companies to undergo internalization (Sitkin Bowen, 2010). This seemed to be the earliest study to investigate the Born Global phenomenon. Researches revealed that understanding of the foreign and international market relating to local agents, joint venture partners and licensing methods supported faster entry to the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Value of Eclectic Paradigm in Relation to International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Two other scholars, Hedlund and Kverneland, in 1985 claimed that these studies create doubt on traditional view, that internationalization of companies occurs slowly, and suggested that internalization views should be revised to cater for differences in climatic conditions (Cavusgil Knight, 2009, p.29). Market Imperfection Theories; Ownership, Localization and Internalization These theories refer to the advantages of an eclectic paradigm. Here, ownership refers to as origin of investment, characterized with ease of investment funds transfer and choice of investment like Equity including amount, location and others. Secondly, localization is the direction of investment. It is the commitment and level of government support for portfolio investment. Thirdly, internalization refers to the reason for investment, which is characterized with correlation of returns with other markets, especially home market, and mobility of finance capital (Blomstrom, Kokko Zejan, 2000). A Case Study carried out in Guinness Nigeria limited (GNL) on drinks consumption show that, GNL started many breweries branches in different location on the region. The pressure to enhance local ownership and staff grew up rapidly in 1970’s and by 1980’s, localization process was complete. Localization process here involved three different issues. First, the level of local shareholding increased; secondly, there was choosing of Nigerian Directors; and finally, the decrease in number of experienced managers. This pressure came from the local staff, government, and corporate Headquarters (Hail ey, 1993, p.10). By 2007, Nigeria was the second biggest consumer of this beverage behind the UK (Dunning Gray, 2003, p.19). Conclusion International businesses relation and trade is a very important issue to a nation’s economic growth and development. Furthermore, the manner in which countries participate in foreign trade and global economy is an important aspect of life in the contemporary society (Katsikeas Morgan, 1997, p.68).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eclectic paradigm does not only focus on international production theory, but also represents the integration of other theories such as theory of the firm, location, organization and trade theory. It therefore covers the view of John Dunning in a broader perspective (Johnson Turner, 2003, p.226). Reference List Anon. N.d. Modes of Entry into International Markets. Web. Blomstrom, M., Kokko, A., Zejan, M., 2000. Foreign direct investment: firm and host country strategies. NY: Palgrave Houndmill. Web. Cavusgil, T., S., Knight, G., 2009. Born Global Firms: A New International Enterprise. NY: Business Expert Press. Cheng, J. L., Hitt, M. A., 2004. Managing multinationals in a knowledge economy: economics, culture, and Human Resources. Oxford: Elsevier ltd. Web. Dunning, H. J., 1997. Alliance capitalism and global business. London: Routledge. Web. Dunning, H. J., Gray, E., 2003. Extending the eclectic paradigm in international business: essays in honor. Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publi shing limited. Web. Hailey, J., 1993. Localization and Expatriation: The Continuing Role of Expatriates in Developing Countries. Web. Johnson, D., Turner, C., 2003. International Business: Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy. NY: Routledge. (Online ). Katsikeas, C., Morgan, R., 1997. Theories of international trade, foreign direct Investment and firm internationalization: a critique. Management Decision, 35(1); 68 – 78. Margardt, D., 2007. A Critical Comparison of Internationalization Theories: Eclectic Paradigm of Dunning vs. Uppsala school. Norderstedt: Grin Verlag. Web. Sitkin, A., Bowen, N., 2010. International Business. Oxford: Oxford University press. This essay on Value of Eclectic Paradigm in Relation to International Business was written and submitted by user Madilynn Cortez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles - History

The 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles - History The 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, United States For a while, ​it seemed as if no one was going to attend the 1932 Olympic Games. Six months before the Games were to begin, not a single country had responded to the official invitations. Then they started to trickle in. The world was mired in the Great Depression which made the expense of traveling to California seem nearly as insurmountable as the distance. Neither had many of the spectator tickets been sold and it seemed that the Memorial Coliseum, which had been expanded to 105,000 seats for the occasion, would be relatively empty. Then, a few Hollywood stars (including Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin, Marlene Dietrich, and Mary Pickford) offered to entertain the crowd and ticket sales picked up. Los Angeles had constructed the very first Olympic Village for the Games. The Olympic Village consisted of 321 acres in Baldwin Hills and offered 550 two-bedroom portable bungalows for the male athletes, a hospital, post office, library, and a large number of eating establishments to feed the athletes. The female athletes were housed in the Chapman Park Hotel downtown, which offered more luxuries than the bungalows. The 1932 Olympic Games also debuted the first photo-finish cameras as well as the victory platform. There were two minor incidents worth reporting. Finnish Paavo Nurmi, who had been one of the Olympic heroes in the past several Olympic Games, was considered to have turned professional, thus was not allowed to compete. While mounted on the victory platform, Italian Luigi Beccali, winner of the gold medal in the 1,500-meter race, gave the Fascist salute. Mildred Babe Didrikson made history at the 1932 Olympic Games. Babe won the gold medal for both the 80-meter hurdles (new world record) and the javelin (new world record)  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹and won silver in the high jump. Babe later became a very successful professional golfer. Approximately 1,300 athletes participated, representing 37 countries. For More Information: History of the OlympicsList of the Olympic GamesInteresting Olympic Facts

Why Duke Essay 4 Tips for a Great Essay

Why Duke Essay 4 Tips for a Great Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you hoping to become a Blue Devil? The Why Duke essay is a small but important part of your Duke application. This is the place where you explain exactly why you love Duke so much.However, there are thousands of students who want to attend Duke, and only a small percentage of them get in. What can you do to make sure your Why Duke essay sets you apart and helps you get accepted? Keep reading to learn what the Why Duke essay prompts are, exactly what Duke is looking for when they read them, and what you should write about to and convince Duke you’d be an asset to their school. We also include a Why Duke essay example so you can see what an actual essay response looks like. The Why Duke Essay Prompts The Why Duke essay prompt is one of several essay prompts you’ll need to answer in your Duke application. You can learn more about the other Duke essays in our in-depth guide.There are actually two Why Duke essay prompts, and you’ll answer one of them. The prompt you answer is based on which college you apply to within Duke, either the Trinity College of Arts Sciences or the Pratt School of Engineering. Here’s the Why Duke essay prompt for Arts Science applicants: If you are applying to the Trinity College of Arts Sciences as either a first-year or transfer applicant, please discuss why you consider Duke a good match for you. Is there something particular about Duke that attracts you? (150 words maximum) Here’s the Why Duke essay prompt for Engineering applicants: If you are applying to the Pratt School of Engineering as either a first-year or transfer applicant, please discuss why you want to study engineering and why you would like to study at Duke. (150 words maximum) As you can see, the two prompts are very similar to each other. Both want to know why you want to study at Duke, although the engineering prompt does also explicitly ask you to discuss why you want to study engineering. Both prompts have the same word count limit of 150 words. What Is the Purpose of the Why Duke Essay? Why does Duke require applicants to answer this essay? What are they really looking for in your response to â€Å"why Duke†? Let’s analyze these prompts.No matter which schools you’re applying to, the â€Å"why this school† prompt is probably the most common prompt you’ll on college applications. Why? Because colleges want to see that you really want to attend their school. Students who love the school they attend and feel that it’s a good fit are more likely to accept an offer of admission, be interested in their studies, take advantage of what the school offers, and give back after they graduate. Basically, Duke and other schools which include this prompt are looking for students who will take advantage of all the unique opportunities they offer so they have the biggest impact at the school and when they’re alumni. If you show that you really love Duke and are ready to make the most of your time there, it makes admissions officers feel more confident you’re going to have a significant and positive impact on their school. If you can’t give any compelling reasons for choosing Duke or you don’t seem to have done much research on the school, that makes Duke worry that you don’t really want to attend the school and will only do the bare minimum in college, without having much of an impact during your time at Duke or afterwards.Additionally, Duke asks you to write this essay to make sure you and their school are a good fit for each other. If you use this essay to talk about majors, classes, internships, study abroad options, etc. that Duke doesn’t offer, the admissions team may be hesitant to offer you a place at Duke since it may not be the best place for you to reach your goals. Basically. the purpose of this essay is two part: Duke wants to make sure you know and value what they offer, and they also want to see how you’re going to make use of these opportunities to reach your goals for the future. What Should You Write About in Your Why Duke Essay? Because Duke has so many opportunities to offer students, there are many ways to approach this essay topic. Here's a list of potential ideas: Majors, minors, certificates, and/or classes Duke offers that you’re especially interested in. This also includes Program II, where you can design your own individual degree program. The Focus Program, which lets first-year students take classes on unique topics. Duke professors whose work you admire and with whom you’d like to study or conduct research. Duke’s Service Learning or DukeEngage programs which give students the opportunity to provide services to communities in need. Clubs or sports teams that you’d be interesting in joining. The Duke Startup Challenge which helps students who want to be entrepreneurs. Research opportunities you’d like to have (the more specific you can be, the better). Internship opportunities Duke offers. Duke students or alumni you’ve met who you admire. Financial aid opportunities Duke offers that make it possible for you to attend. In your response, you should choose about one or two reasons why you think Duke is the best school for you. For each reason, you should describe what Duke offers and connect it back to your interest and skills to show how you’re a good match for the school. For example, you could write that you’ve always been interested in global health, and you have an idea for an invention/idea that could improve global health in developing countries. You want to attend Duke to take advantage of the Duke Startup Challenge to get your product out there, then participate in DukeEngage or a similar program Duke offers to try the product out in the field. Or, you may be a mechanical engineering student who wants to work with a specific professor at Pratt and take advantage of the research opportunities Duke offers to study thermal and fluids systems. Remember to be as specific as possible to show Duke that you’ve done your research, and show both what you care about/want to do with the rest of your life and how Duke can help you get there. A note about basketball: Duke’s basketball team has an extremely dedicated fan base, and many students choose to go to Duke at least partly because they love the basketball team. However, we strongly discourage you from using this essay to discuss your love of Duke basketball. There are several reasons for this. First, many, many applicants mention the basketball team as a reason they want to attend Duke, so you won’t make your essay unique or memorable if you give the same reason most other people do. Second, Duke is foremost an academic institution, and it wants students who are dedicated to their studies. Duke classes require a lot of work, and if you give the impression that all you’ll be doing at Duke is waiting hours in line so you can be the first one in Cameron Stadium for each game, they may wonder if you’ll succeed at the school. So write about something other than the basketball team, and then once you get in, feel free to paint yourself blue an d join the other Cameron Crazies. Tips for Writing a Great Why Duke Essay No matter how you decide to answer the â€Å"Why Duke† prompt, here are four tips you should keep in mind to make sure you stand out from the crowd and show Duke that you’re a student they want to have at their school. #1: Do Your Research Before you start writing, you should know a lot about the opportunities Duke offers and why you want to go there. Here are some places to start your research: Duke website Duke majors, minors, and certificates Course catalog The Duke Chronicle (school newspaper) Duke internship opportunities Duke research opportunities Campus visit Meeting with an alum or current student Meeting with a professor #2: Be Specific From your research, you now have multiple reasons as to why Duke is a great school for you. Choose one or two of them to write about in your essay. The more specific you can be when answering the â€Å"Why Duke† prompt, the better. Don’t just say that Duke has great classes, smart professors, and an interesting student body. Most schools have that, and the people reading your essay will wonder if you’re using an identical essay for every school you’re applying to. Instead, try to mention opportunities only Duke can provide, such as specific professors, course names, extracurriculars, or research opportunities.The things you discuss should be things your other top schools don’t offer, things that really make Duke stand out. #3: Show Your Passion Duke students are a passionate bunch, and Duke wants students who care a lot about what their studies and their school. A generic statement like, â€Å"I am impressed by Duke’s strong engineering programs† doesn’t tell the school anything about you or help you stand out from other applicants. Why does the engineering program make you so excited? How do you want to use your engineering skills in the future? Write about those things instead.Showing a passion that’s unique will help differentiate you from other applicants and show Duke that you’ll take your studies seriously. #4: Make Every Word Count The 150 word limit on this essay means that it’s going to be very short, so you want to get the most out of those words. Start with an outline of your main points: why you want to go to Duke and how you’ll make the most of those opportunities at the school and after graduation, then expand from there until you hit 150 words. This isn’t the essay to tell an in-depth story about your childhood or go into flowery descriptions. Instead,make your main points strong and don’t worry about adding too many embellishments to the essay. Why Duke Essay Example Sometimes the best way to understand what a great Duke essay looks like is to look at an example. Below is a Why Duke essay example (for the Trinity school) followed by an explanation of what makes it stand out. I love many things, but learning and sports top the list. The moment I stepped onto Duke’s campus, I leaned over to my mother, gasping, and said, â€Å"Whoa,† even before beginning my tour. I was stunned to immediately see signs of my loves everywhere. My dreams of tenting in K-Ville for the annual Duke-UNC game almost made my mouth water. As for learning, the cross-disciplinary study options that Duke offers ignite my passions. I have always loved business, and as I have aged, I discovered a deep interest in education. At Duke, I saw the opportunity to combine these two interests in many ways. I would love to initiate lunches with Professor Elizabeth Garcia, whose work focuses on educational motivation, and Mark T. Brown, Director of the Management Communications Center. Exploring commonalities in business and educational spheres would be uplifting, and will engage all of my most profound interests. -Calvin Thompson What Makes This Essay Work? This essay is strong in three key ways: Shows Passion:It’s clear that this student loves Duke. From gasping at his first look at campus to his mouth almost watering at the thought of going there, he’s clearly committed to the school. Mentions Specific Details:This is a short essay, but the writer still manages to mention multiple professors, programs, and subjects Duke has that he’s interested in. That shows he did his research and definitely isn’t using the same generic essay for each school he applies to. Shows a Plan for the Future:His plans for the future (education + business) aren’t super specific, but that’s fine since most students start college don’t know exactly what they want to do in the future, and Duke doesn’t expect you to have everything figured out already. However, he has a plan to get started and see where those interests take him, which shows motivation and initiative. Summary: Writing a Great Why Duke Essay The Why Duke essay is a key part of your Duke application since it lets the school know why you want to go to Duke, what you want to get out of your time there, and how Duke will prepare you for the future. For this essay, there are two very similar prompts, and the one you answer is based on whether you’re applying to Trinity or Pratt. In 150 words or less, you need to explain why Duke is the school you want to attend. There are many ways to answer the prompt, but you should always make sure to do your research on the school, use specific examples, show your passion for the school, and make every word count. What's Next? Want to know how to answer the other Duke essay prompts?Check out our guide on the Duke essays for everything you need to know! Is Duke an Ivy League School?Learn more about the Ivy League and whether Duke is part of it by reading our guide to Ivy League schools. Want to stand apart from other Duke applicants?Learnhow to score aperfect 1600 on the SAT, so you can increase your shot at getting into the school of your dreams!

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Marketing plan - Essay Example The strength of this product is that it is waterproof, has a display styled with dots, it is waterproof and comes in a variety of colours. Other strengths include the capability to mute cell phone calls and vibration alerts. The weakness is that it is only compatible with Android smart phones using the Android 4.4 software and above. The wristband also operates only with Bluetooth 4.4 and above only (Mcdannald, 2015). According to market researchers, the competitions strengths is that almost all wearable devices emanate from the same idea. Hence, customers are only easily swayed by the brand name. The weakness of the competition is its inability to work with other software like IOS or older versions of the software it is compatible with. This has a big impact on the sale of the wristband (Boxall, 2014). According to market analysts, the Sony wristband has lived up to 75% of its real ability. Thus the market sale trends and forecasts are doing well. A price history of the product on amazon shows the fluctuations it has gone through from $77 to $49. Perhaps, it is an indication of the demand pattern for the product, which has affected the pricing. However, in spite of the volatile nature of wearable technology, the forecast remains strong as the field is still green with opportunities for better products (Trew,

Unit IV Assessment#1 Biomass Exposure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit IV Assessment#1 Biomass Exposure - Essay Example as also a pertinent comparison of the adverse effects of biomass as compared to LPG, expertly intended to discourage people and governments to avert using biomass. Exposure to biomass affects the length of the menstrual cycle. In most cases, oligomenorrhea (extended cycles) is common (22.2%) while 7.5% of women exposed to biomass experienced short cycles. The prolonged cycle is disadvantageous since it increases the risk of preterm delivery, stillbirth, and abortions (Gurjar et al., 2010; pg.150). Biomass significantly changes the levels reproductive hormones in females. However, biomass combines with physical fatigue and stress related to poverty and affects the endocrine system thus leading to oligomenorrhea. Gurjar,  B.  R., Molina,  L.  T., & Ojha,  C.  S. (2010).  Air pollution: Health and environmental impacts. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Retrieved from

Strategies for Language Translation | Dissertation

Strategies for Language Translation | Dissertation Introduction The present dissertation is largely based on research in the field of translation. Translation is an influential valid feature of our society, and it symbolizes one of the most important aspects in shaping the upcoming course of the planet. . The translators tasks are complex and refer to his/her abilities of dealing with every aspect of the process of translation. The power of translator lies in his/her responsibility for his/her end product. I chose this topic because I believe translation is part of everyones life and it has profound implications in our society. The translation is defined and influenced by the type of source text, the target readers understanding, the context, the translators skills and the linguistic and cultural differences between the source language and the target language. My approach is two-fold: a theoretical perspective A. Theoretical considerations and a practical one B. Application. The first part explains what the translator tasks imply and what factors influence the translational competence, analyzes the characteristics of these skills, offering guidelines and methods of approach for a better understanding. The second part deals with the problems I encountered while translating a part of Ultima noapte de dragoste, à ®ntà ¢ia noapte de război by Camil Petrescu. In the first chapter, â€Å"Who are translators†, I shall try to define the translators profession, what important tools influence the activity of translation as well as what skills a translator should possess in order to be a competent translator. The first subchapter, â€Å"Skills of reading and writing† regards the translators tasks of decoding and encoding a text to offer the correct meaning in his/her translation. The next sub-chapters, â€Å"Subject area and Contrastive knowledge† and â€Å"Source language and Target language knowledge† describe why a translator should be specialized in various fields and the differences between the two languages regarding the language systems and cultures. In the second chapter, â€Å"Factors that influence the translational competence†, I shall begin by theorizing translational competence, which refers to all those factors that lead to perfection in translation. The first subchapter, â€Å"Psychological factors†, underlines the effect of psychology on the process of translation. â€Å"Knowledge of translation theory†, the next subchapter, describes the norms of the field of translation, which help the translator to render the overall meaning of the source text and to have the same effect on the readership. The third subchapter, â€Å"The quality of translation. Efficiency of text analysis†, analyzes what a translator should avoid in order to ensure a correct translation and to establish the necessary level of quality. â€Å"Culture† and â€Å"Experience†, the next subchapters refer to how the knowledge of the source and target culture as well as the experience in the field help the translator to make the right decisions in translation. The second part of the dissertation contains five chapters, which rely on the translation The last night of love, the first night of war. The first chapter, â€Å"The process of translation† presents the steps taken in the process of translation. â€Å"Source text and Target text analysis† deals with analyzing the extratextual and intratextual factors for each of the two languages. The last chapters â€Å"Identification of translation problems† and â€Å"Comments on translation† regard what translation problems were found during the translation process and I will discuss as well the translation difficulties and the way they were solved. The last chapter contains the translation of the first part of the novel by Camil Petrescu. Being a proficient translator may be a quality that comes by nature or by continuous practice. I strongly believe that although theory helps, it is practice that actually leads to perfection in translation. A. Theoretical considerations 1. Who are translators? Translation is one of the various means of communication existing and, from this point of view, it is very important because it establishes a connection between at least two languages, two cultures, two nations; at verbal level it helps transferring their characteristic elements from one into the other as well as understanding them. Not giving it importance equates with a total isolation from the rest of the world. A translation involves three parties, of which the third one, represented by the translator, is the most important. His responsibility is enormous because the burden of transferring the message presses over his shoulders. Knowing a foreign language and the subject is not as important as being sensitive to language and being competent to speak his own language clearly and resourcefully. For a good speaker avoids not only errors of usage but also mistakes of fact and language simply by applying his good sense. A translator has also to have flair and a so-called â€Å"sixth sense†, which is compounded of intelligence, sensibility, intuition and knowledge. S/he perhaps more than any other practitioner of a profession, is continually faced with choices and has to be very careful and extremely fast in making them. If I were to draw a line between translation and the translator and to state which ones importance is greater, I would say that a translation cannot be achieved without the appropriate person to do it, i.e. the translator. The same applies to the translator, who fades away without the core of his profession. They depend on each other and are vital for the welfare of this world. An element of great importance for a translator is the professional pride, a consideration higher than money, because s/he can fell her/his work is appreciated. I believe this is the case not only for in-house people, but also for freelancers. Even a high salary would not motivate as much a translator as the pride in the work. The professional integrity comes with the idea of being reliable, involving in the profession and respecting the ethics. Reliability means doing the job as to meet the users needs. The translator is in a position of translating the texts that the user needs, in the style the client wants them to be translated, and by a deadline requested by the user. The attempt to become a reliable translator may sometimes bring about assignments that are impossible to achieve for many reasons: the texts are morally inappropriate, the necessary work is consumptive or the experience is not enough to deal with such a text. The translator involves in his profession in many ways. If s/he participates to courses and conferences in the field, this will consolidate the professional self-esteem that will definitely encourage and motivate them to accept different challenges: Reading about translation, talking about translation with other translators, discussing problems and solutions related to linguistic transfer, user demands, nonpayment, and the like, taking classes on translation, attending translator conferences, keeping up with technological developments in the field, buying and learning to use new software and hardware − all this gives us the strong sense that we are not isolated underpaid flunkies but professionals surrounded by other professionals who share our concerns. Involvement in the translation profession may even give us the intellectual tools and professional courage to stand up to unreasonable demands, to educate clients and employers rather that submit meekly and seethe inwardly. Being a translator does not mean only being involved in a work that s/he loves but also earning a living. Professional translators know the quality of their work and they will charge their clients according to this criterion. Of course, the amount of money is proportional with the volume of their assignments and the speed they work with. Probably translators are expected to translate fast; usually in-house translators translate fast, but the work in an agency is different from that of a freelancer. Freelancers have a different rhythm of their work and, if they do translations faster, this will bring more money for them. Of course, if one translates for pleasure and amusement, there is no need for being fast. They savor every step in the process and tend to deal with one paragraph for hours. Many factors influence the translation speed. One of them is typing speed. It helps the translator to write rapidly his/her ideas on the computer. Another factor of importance is the degree of text difficulty. A difficult text will slow down the process of translation and will take much more time do it. The continuous practice and experience makes the translator to process easily the difficult words and structures. The same situation is for how the familiar the text will be for the translator. Other factors that interfere in the process of translation are the personal style and the general mental state of the translator. The use of translation memory software is very helpful for a translator and increases the translation speed. Besides these advantages, many things should be taken into account: if the volume of translation is reduced, this will not warrant the cost of the software. Usually, in-house translators use this software. Large corporations usually need a great volume of translations and address to them and not to freelancers. This software is helpful only with texts in digital form; it is not helpful in the case of literal translation. However, freelancers who work for different agencies and who have a high-volume of assignments say that the use of translation memory software is very helpful though it is not very creative. 1.1. Skills of reading and writing The translators knowledge of translation theory and the skills of reading and writing a text are definitely of paramount importance for the quality of the translation. The ethics of translation speak about the way in which a translator should understand the text that needs to be translated, how to recognize the authors intention in order to render the appropriate message into the target language. The translator has to analyze the text linguistically, culturally, philosophically, even politically, if necessary. The first step is to get a general reading and then a closer one to establish the characteristics of that text. The translator has to know how to identify the authors attitude to the subject matter. S/he also must pay special attention to the type of language that is used, grammatical structures, register, rhetorical function, genre, the use of modals and especially to the needs and expectations of the target audience. It is known that all these ethical rules are taught because they do not come instinctively. Usually, if they come naturally, they surely come by experience. A professional translation often arises at the subliminal level due to the fact that the translator has an analytical feeling which helps him/her finding the solutions to those problems that are somehow similar to precedent situations. The novice translators are taught analytical guidelines to help them becoming familiar with the rules and, at the same time to become proficient, without being aware of it. The wheel of experience shows how this analysis of the brain becomes a sort of second nature for the translator during the process of translation. Another reading guideline for the translator is to decide the emotional tone and the degree of formality of the source text. Determining the audience of the target text shows how the target language should be structured, deciding to whom it is addressed, to the educated, the average literate audience or others. Children are a special audienc e and the message is different according to the age, the degree of familiarity with the stories, the amusement that the translation provokes and many others. Eugene Nida explains how the ability of decoding a text should work: Decoding ability in any language involves at least four principal levels: (I) the capacity of children, whose vocabulary and cultural experience are limited; (2) the double-standard of new literates, who can decode oral messages with facility but whose ability to decode written messages is limited; (3) the capacity of the average literate adult, who can handle both oral and written messages with relative ease; and (4) the unusually high capacity of specialists (doctors, theologians, philosophers, scientists, etc.), when they are decoding messages within their own area of specialization. Obviously, a translation designed for children cannot be the same as one prepared for specialists, nor can a translation for children be the same as one for a newly literate adult. The translation has to be the same with the translators intention and point of view and the translator always has to keep in mind the target language readership. The translation of colloquial and intimate phrases are always problematic for the translator and they should be translated carefully. The grammatical analysis helps the translator to understand the relationships between the words and at the same time to help him/her to get the message of the author. It becomes crucial to find the correct meaning of the grammatical constructions given the fact that one construction may have many interpretations or meanings. The problem becomes acute in the case of idioms because they need a special approach when they need to be translated. Eugene Nida and Charles Taber mention the difficulties that arise when translating these expressions: Idioms are typically constructed on quite normal grammatical patterns of phrase structure, but the meaning of the whole idiom is not simply the sum of the meanings of the parts, nor can one segment the meaning (in the many cases where it is complex) and assign a definable portion of the meaning to each grammatical piece (e.g., a morpheme). [] one must treat the entire expression as a semantic unit, even though in the surface structure of the grammar it obeys all of the rules applicable to the individual pieces. Writing skills are as important as reading skills and refer to the ability of writing in a clear and proper form. Translators have to be familiar with different styles of writing according to each domain, as well as with those conventions regarding editing. The skills of reading a source language text are significant qualities for a translator and help him understanding the original text and delivering a translation in an appropriate and correct style. Reading the source text is the first step in the process of translation and the better the translator understands the meaning of the authors intention, the clearest he will render the message into the target language. The understanding of the source text represents a primary ability necessary in the process of translation, followed by a combination between other skills, which will be presented in this chapter. 1.2. Subject area and contrastive knowledge Translators must be aware of the importance of being specialized in various subject fields, such as: medical translation, legal translation, financial translation, technical IT translation, scientific translation, marketing and PR translation, website translation and others. The knowledge of a certain subject area helps the translator to deal with words and constructions that are specific to that domain. Many translators have the courage to say that their knowledge of translation theory allows them to accept texts that need to be translated from different fields. It is somehow premature to say that, especially by a beginner in the field of translation. Of course, an experienced translator may deal easily with this type of texts, but ideally, one should have in mind the necessary training in a particular field. Contrastive knowledge refers to how a translator should be able to find the contrastive elements between the source and target language so as to deliver an accurate message through his/her translation. An analysis should be made at the linguistic level, namely the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and the literary one. The syntactic level deals with the analysis at the sentence, clause, phrase and word level. The semantic analysis refers to how the translator examines the relationships between the elements found through syntactic analysis. At the pragmatic level, the translator tries to identify the register features of the text which express the intention of the source language author. After these three steps of analysis, follows the stage of synthesis, a stage that starts on the contrary way, with the pragmatic level. 1.3. Source language and Target language knowledge It is well-known the fact that a translator should possess a good knowledge of both source and target language, in other words, s/he should be a master of the two languages. They have to be fluent in the two languages in order to be able to transmit the proper message and to sound as natural as possible in the target language, using a correct style and terminology. What is also important is to know and apply all the rules concerning editing conventions of the two languages which will help the readability of the target language text. The booklet entitled †Bilingual Skills Certificate and Certificate in Community Interpreting† published by the Institute of Linguists gives an interesting definition on bilingualism: Bilingual service providers are people who possess two sets of skills language and professional skills, so that they can give the same standard of service in the context of two languages and cultures. In order to provide an equal standard of service to all clients, the people providing the service should have adequate standards of training and qualification in both sets of skills. For example, allowing people to give medical advice or gather information upon which medical decisions are made when they are not qualified and solely on the grounds that they happen to speak French or Urdu is as bad as giving good medical advice which cannot be understood. One of the risks that translators are dealing with is that of fooling the brain into thinking that the structures used in the target language are correct merely only because they are correct in the source language. This is especially the case of translators who work in their adopted country as a result of the fact that they begin to think like a native. Keeping up with cultural change is the way in which the translator can understand a language properly and s/he can translate it successfully. For this reason it is said that the best translations are done by native speakers, residents in the country where the target language is spoken. If the translator has the possibility to travel to the source language country to work on different tasks, he will be able to date with the source language and culture and at the same time s/he will maintain the knowledge of the mother tongue at the proper level. The translation always needs to be localized for the intended reader. This is a factor of great importance because it governs choice of language, presentation, the level of the language. The language needs to be elementary but not extremely simple. A competent translator will always know how to adapt his ear to the target language and will use his intuition when it comes to adjust to target language rules. 2. Factors that influence the translational competence The language and the process of thinking are not identical phenomena but they are closely linked and interrelated. If we take into account the language as a communicative process, we need to specify that what it is transmitted or communicated is a message, so it is a semantic content. The verbal expression is dependent on choosing the words and the way of phrasing. For example, the verb to say can be expressed by other verbs with an equivalent or words with an approximate meaning: to communicate, to dispose, to inform, to report, to discuss, to talk, to enlighten, to explain, to remember, to advise, to persuade and many others. Communication becomes concrete exactly by using the perfect word, appropriate for a situation. By using the verb to say instead of all the other verbs, we would express ourselves in a generic, graded way, and practically we would not manage to suggest a rich content. In such a situation, a translator will always have to select carefully the words to express th e intention and the attitude of the source language writer. A good knowledge of a foreign language is not sufficient for being a proficient translator. A translator needs to be a translator by his/her nature. There are many skills that I consider to be the most important, for example the knowledge of translation theory, the ability to analyze, compare and convert texts from one cultural domain into another, the experience in the field, the level of implication in the process of translation and many others. Trying to reach an absolute equivalent is impossible even if the translator detains great resources at the linguistic, stylistic and literary level. Psychological factors also affect the process of translation and speak about the level of translators implication when rendering the message into the target language. The translators way of expression comes and forms itself at the mental level and, based on a specific developed background affects the quality of the translation. 2.1. Psychological factors Due to our way of thinking, a man can decide upon the meaning of an object, phenomena or action connected to his environment. This is possible taking into account the new information by reference to the assimilated and systematized background knowledge. This is a part of the mental process involved in the process of translation. The understanding of a translator can be guided by several intentions or points of view. For example, a complex situation, such as translation, which implies natural, economic, geographic and cultural factors, can be understood under different angles. If a translator doesnt have the necessary knowledge s/he cannot decode the meaning of the original text. The translation has to sound as natural as possible, let alone the fact that it shouldnt contain confusing words so as to make harder the reading and understanding of the audience: †[]it should studiously avoid the translationese formal fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the content and the imp act of the message.† The impossibility of making a perfect translation should not become a frustration for the translator. Of course, there will always be persons who will translate better, but maybe in a different style. Showing empathy for a certain author will positively influence his/her work and style of writing. It is unethical for a translator not to be objective inside the translation process. Nevertheless, it is obvious that s/he will think about translation as the experience in the field tells him/her how to do it. Sometimes the experience guides a translator in choosing the words or expressions. Another psychological factor, altering the meaning of the source language text and imposing, consciously or not, a personal viewpoint on the audience is not a good decision for a translator to take. The translator must try to preserve the uniqueness of a culture, its characteristics and norms. In translation, cultural psychology shows how a concept from a certain historic, social-economic or cultural background of a country or region can be found in another one but does not reflect the same thing as in the first one: Phoenix is a legend in Chinas miraculous animals, on behalf of luck, happiness and elegance, it is believed to ride Phoenix a bike can bring good luck, while in Western culture, the legendary phoenix is a phoenix, a regeneration, Resurrection and other means, so that the goods in the West is not surprising that no one is interested. Consumer psychology has implications in the way in which the consumers interests are motivated. Through a good translation, the promotional character of this type of psychology can attract clients or, on the contrary, not even stimulate them at all to buy a product. For example, Happy Cakesgiving!, a collocation taken from an advertisement about a special and tasteful cake, remembers about Thanksgiving Day, a holiday usually celebrated in the United States and Canada. The construction is very interesting and is in fact an adaptation of the holiday, underlying the importance of it for so many people. It is very hard, if not almost impossible to find an equivalent into Romanian, but a translator may always find a solution to satisfy the audience, adapting somehow the term to the local culture. Ziua deliciului may be a variant with relevance for the Romanian culture, resembling with the structure of Ziua mamei (Mothers Day), Ziua Nationala (National Day), Ziua Unirii (Unification Day) a nd so on. The aesthetic psychology works in translation at the pragmatic level. The artistic words and phrases, the combination of structures that reflect the beautiful, the elegant and graceful utterances are to be translated in the same way into the target language. This is a very hard to achieve due to many reasons. One of them is the specific syntax which makes the difference between the languages. Preserving the rhyme of a Romanian text when translating it into English is very difficult. The thematic structure of a text in Romanian is very hard to render into English. If we take the example of a section from Zamolxis, by Lucian Blaga, we will find that is impossible to preserve the elements of rhythm and rhyme. e.g. MÇÅ ½-mpÇÅ ½rtÇÅ ½Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸esc cu cà ¢te-un strop din tot ce creÃ…Å ¸te Ã…Å ¸i se pierde. Nimic nu mi-e strein, Ã…Å ¸i numai marea à ®mi lipseÃ…Å ¸te. I share a drop of all that waxes and wanes. Nothing is alien to me, and the sea alone is absent. Another reason for which it is very difficult to preserve the style of a specific text is the word order, which does not permit the translator to deal easily with the style of the original. In order to realize the message of the source language text, a translator will have to take decisions regarding what it should reproduce, either the forms or the ideas of the original. My belief is that a good translator will always be able to maintain the stylistic characteristics of a text and to construct structures that will transfer the propositional content and communicate the purpose intended by the source language writer. 2.2. Knowledge of translation theory In order to gain recognition in the field of translation, a bilingual speaker has to respect the norms that give him the responsibility over a text. Gideon Toury distinguishes between two groups of norms relevant for the process of translation: preliminary and operational. Preliminary norms deal with two major sets of concerns, which are usually interrelated: those regarding the existence of a definite translation strategy, and those related to the truthfulness of translation. Operational norms refer to the decisions made during the act of translation itself. A faithful translation depends on the correct selection of the appropriate method of translation. There are many people who wrongly believe that literary translation is more important than the technical one saying that the latter contains specific terms that are easy to translate whereas the first one is far more complex. Any translation is a very complex task and requires the same knowledge and responsibility from the part of the translator. One of the roles of the translator is to assist and fulfill the target readers expectations. The principle that governs this idea is that a translator should not transmit only the words to the readers, but the ideas of the source language text. The translators task becomes very difficult to achieve if s/he does not understand properly the referential meaning of a text so as to transfer it correctly to the target language. Another important role of the translator is to produce the same impression on the target readers as the author of the source language produces on his/her own readers. Another guideline stipulated by translation theory is that a translator should correct the misrepresentations, which belong to the extralinguistic reality. S/he has to find if a text has a correct syntax, if it contains stereotype phrases, fashionable general words. If the text is not well written, s/he can interfere in the original text and perform intra- and interlingual translation so as to transmit an appropriate message. A close attention must be paid to word order, false friends, common structures which become unnatural by one-to-one translation, the use of elevated usage of words and idioms or the use of infinitives, gerunds and verb-phrase. The translator should write in his own style and should not use words and expressions that produce an artificial effect on the target text. 2.2.1 Translation methods Paraphrasing Another principle related to the knowledge of translation theory is the use of paraphrase as a solution to those words which do not have an equivalent in the target language, whether they are technical, scientific, literary or institutional terms. In translation theory, to paraphrase means trying to express the signification of a word by amplifying or explaining its meaning: [†¦] is a technical term from linguistics and related disciplines, and is characterized by three specific features: (I) it is intralingual rather than interlingual, i.e., it is â€Å"another way of sayng the same thing† in the same language; (2) it is rigorous, in that there are no changes in the semantic components: no additions, no deletions, no skewing of relationships, only a different marking of the same relations between the same elements; (3) specifically as it relates to back-transformation, it is aimed at restatement at a particular level, that of the kernels. This often happens in the case of poorly written texts or it is also a method used in translating the Bible. The latter case implies many debates because paraphrasing the Bible means an interpretation that tends to be subjective due to the translators point of view regarding religion. Eugene A. Nida points out this idea in his work â€Å"Toward a science of translation†: The dangers of subjectivity in translating are directly proportionate to the potential emotional involvement of the translator in the message. For scientific prose such involvement is usually at a minimum, but in religious texts it may be rather great, since religion is concerned with the deepest and most universal value systems. In some instances it is a translators own sense of insecurity which makes it difficult for him to let the document speak for itself, and in other instances a lack of humility may prompt him to translate without consulting the opinions of those who have studied such texts more fully than himself. So, this method includes not only advantages, for the ability to transmit the message, but also disadvantages because it alters the original meaning. By using a paraphrase, the translator can render the meaning of the source language text. Since this is a way to carry in the target text the intention of the author, the paraphrase shows how s/he can remain faithful to the original. Problems about paraphrasing arise when we try to detect its level of fidelity in the process of translation. Every translator will have his/her own way of interpreting the original text and, thus, an original method of paraphrasing. Sometimes trying to eliminate the use of a paraphrase may result in weakening the text. A special attention should be paid to the substantial sense of a translated work after using the paraphrase. Functional Equivalence Functional Equivalence, also called dynamic equivalence is a method in which the translator tries to reflect the intention of the author in the source language at the expense of the original grammatical structure. Are Bureaucracies Involved In Foreign Policy Making? Are Bureaucracies Involved In Foreign Policy Making? In western democracies, especially UK and US, the role of bureaucracy in making policy is analyzed to understand its effective power in the decision making process: is bureaucracy a simple armed arm of the politics or it is completely involved in making policy? The foreign policy is not exempt from this debate and various authors spend their academic career trying to answer to this question. The aim of this essay is to investigate under what circumstances, bureaucrats are passively involved in foreign policy or when they are actively part of the process of decision making. For these reasons the essay will be divided into three parts. The first part is entitled to analyze and explain the Allisons model III (Bureaucratic Politics Model) based on the idea that the decision to follow a certain line in foreign policy is basically the result of bargaining between offices and bureaucrats in different positions of command. This theory is a masterpiece in the analysis of the impact of bureaucracy in foreign policy, consequently it is necessary to mention it. In the second part all the theoretical restrictions of the Allisons model III will be shown and as result an alternative model will be provided. In the last part, all the theoretical assumptions emerged during the analysis will be tested according to two cases study: in one hand the relationship between US bureaucracy and Kis singer, former National Security Advisor (NSA) and head of the Department of State in the US administration; in the other hand the US Navy and the study of its internal bureaucracy. By definition, bureaus are non-profit organizations that are financed, at least in part, from a periodic appropriation or grant bureaus specialise in providing goods and services that some people prefer in larger amounts than would be supplied by their sale at a per-unit rate (Niskanen 1973: 8). They are usually financed by a government department which is financed by tax revenues. The term bureaucrat will be used to describe any full-time employee of a bureau nearly synonymous with civil servant [it] will be used to define the senior official of any bureau with a separate identifiable budgetthese bureaucrats may be either career officials or directly appointed by the elected executive (Niskanen 1973: 11). * * * The Allisons model called Bureaucratic Politics analyses the foreign policy decision making process. The core of the Allisons model III is easily summarized in his words: bargaining along regularized channels among players positioned hierarchically within the government (Allison 1969: 707). The scheme predicts no unitary actor but rather many players focused on different problems. The governmental apparatus is led by political leaders who need to decentralize some of their functions. This process guarantees discretion on the hands of the subject in charge of that function. In foreign policy, different players opt for different solutions because of their perceptions and priorities. In doing so, decisions are the result of the triumph of one group over others. The axioms produced by the Allisons model III are many: governmental actions are the result of compromise and competition among public officials; players are men in jobs (Allison 1969: 709) that means their tasks and obligations are related to the position they hold at that moment; within bureaucratic organization usually the bargaining is driven by parochialism, that influences internal priorities, perceptions and issues; each player has a reasonable probability of success according to the effective power in his/her hands; each decision has critical consequences not only for the strategic problem but for each players organizational, reputational, and personal stakes (Allison 1969: 710). Moreover, bargaining is possible only in certain channels and its results are not the consequence of individual rationality but rather the sum of different intentions (Allison 1969). Through the study of the UK and US foreign policy decision making process, it is possible to identify those elements present in Allisons model III in order to understand how they are implemented in practice. Formal responsibility for the conduct of British foreign policy rests with the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and under him the FCO (Wallace 1975: 21). This vision would be limited until we do not recognise also the importance of overseas missions home departments, the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, others ministries and officials. In fact, in UK foreign affairs if the policy-making process in lower levels is in the hands of the Foreign Office, for what we consider high policy we need to add the interference of other member of government (with their personal relationships and prejudices) and small group of interests. With the exception of situations of emergency, the decisions are taken into formal channels (e.g. intergovernmental relations, negotiation of treaties and representation abroad) (Wallace 1975). Daily foreign policy making process is, not only an activity related to the Secretary of State, but also to senior officials in important delegations, such as UN, NATO and UE, who effectively become part of the process of policy-making in their areas (Wallace 1975: 36). Each home department has the right to have one or more civilian attachà ©(s) in overseas missions because of their significant international interests. Traditionally, the most important ones are from the Treasury and the Ministry of Defence (MoD). FCO, Treasury and MoD had responsibilities overlapped with significant areas of high policy as well as low-level external relations (Wallace 1975: 40). Therefore, one of the roles of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet is to pull together different instances and to coordinate the governmental action through the Home Civil Service, a permanent bureaucracy of Crown employees that support the national interest with the instances from private industries and public departments. O fficials do their best to ensure that they know their ministers mind and to take his assumed preferences into account in formulating and implementing policy (Wallace 1975: 51). They are considered the protectors of the public interest and they have a particular relationship with the politicians: [i]It is very difficult to assess the relative impact of official advice and political direction on external policyof course there is a difference in outlook between the official, whose professional career is foreign policy, and the minister, who must be more concerned with domestic politics, his constituency, his standing in the party, and the next election (Wallace 1975: 52). However, the relationship between the politicians and their officials in some cases are affected by personal factors more than formal structures. Consequently, foreign policy seems to be driven not only by the national interest but also by personal interest, energy, experience, expertise, friendships, personality and preferences. Different opinions and different attitudes are reflected into different views within the government. The making of US foreign policy is delegated to different actors. The President, the NSA with the National Security Council (NSC), the State Department, the Department of Defence (DoD) and the Intelligence Community (IC) are all of them directly or in part involved in the process of foreign policy decision making. The NSAs organizational origins derive from the NSC system set up in 1947, and from the putative need for Presidents to have on their staff a manager and coordinator for foreign policy (Dumbrell 1997: 89). In fact, [t]The NSA and NSC staff tend to be seen as flexible, responsive, relatively free of bureaucratic baggage, and sensitive to the Presidents political and electoral interest (Dumbrell 1997: 92). The Secretary of State is the official governmental responsible for the making of foreign policy. Although its mandate is clear, it is progressively increasing the tendency for inter-departmental networks of influence to cut traditional institutional linkages. As pointed ou t by Dumbrell (1997: 97), for example, during the Cold war a militarization of diplomacy and a consequent endemic tension between the Pentagon and the State Department monopolized the policy-making process. [T]the CIA was an institutional embodiment of the trend towards non-accountable, subterranean policy-making and security operation (Dumbrell 1997: 102). Therefore, the CIA has to be considered a powerful instrument of foreign policy in the hands of the White House. * * * The Bureaucratic Politics Model is not exempt by critics. Krasner (1972) claims that the Allisons model III is ambiguous and dangerous because in western democracies elected officials are responsible for the acts of government, not public ones. Merits and demerits of the governmental structure because of the implementation of weak policies or wrong ones is direct responsibility of the elected leader, and not of bureaucrats. Moreover, the model lacks in describing how policy is made because it does not consider adequately the figure of the President especially in the US system. Only the President has the power of the ultimate decisions, to choose most of the important players, to set the rules. That explains why even if his/her attention is absent, bureaus are sensitive to his/her values. Neither organizational necessity nor bureaucratic interests are the fundamental determinants of policy. The limits imposed by standard operating procedures as well as the direction of policy are a function of the values of decision-makers. The President creates much of the bureaucratic environment which surrounds him through his selection of bureau chiefs, determination of action-channels, and statutory powers (Krasner 1972: 169). Another controversial point in the Allisons model is that it does not consider the possibility of failure, that is at the end of the process of bargaining the players could not take any decision. According to Krasner (1972) this outcome not only is common but also it reflects confusion over values which afflicts the society and the political elite. In the Bureaucratic Politics Model, this sort of confusion is not allowed because each player is certain about its priorities and parochial interests. Bendor and Hammond (1992) indicate at least four weaknesses in the Allisons model III: the bargaining, the hierarchy, the ambiguity of the assumptions and the extreme complexity. The model suffers when it assumes that the bureaucratic actors have conflicting goals; often what is conflicting within a governmental organization is the beliefs about how to achieve those goals. Furthermore, it is not understandable why the President with all his/her powers has to bargaining with other officials and in doing so the model suffers in understanding the sense of hierarchy within the Executive Branch. The prepositions in the model often are claimed without scientific values, without data support and they seem to be generalizations without proof. After all, the complexity of the model is given by the amount of information necessary to verify it and the number of variables to consider. Welch (1992) identifies the impossibility to test the Allisons model III as one of the main problem of the model itself. What is more, he is aware of two contradictions. The first one is related to the importance of the positions held by the players. According to Allison the position determines the preferences but at the same time the priorities in the mind of the actors are also dictated by their experiences and perceptions. The second one is related to how bureaucratic positions can influence the decision making process. According to Allison the position determines the power of the player but at the same time one fundamental aspect in the bargaining process is the personality. Brady and Kegley (1977) criticize the literature about bureaucratic politics considered by Allison in his assumptions. Generalizations and lack of evidence seem to overemphasize the role of bureaucratic influences. In fact, bureaucratic influences should be explained as a component of the foreign policy decision making process and not the most important one. The way in which bureaucracy influence decisions is only in part related to parochial interests, as shown in situations of crisis, when each organizational position and the consequent process of bargaining is led by the common interest of combating or avoiding a threat for all the players. Not only critics to Allison are necessary, but also the examination of an alternative model can help us in understanding strengths and weaknesses of that model. Aberbach, Putnam and Rockman (1981) created a new model to explain the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats. In this case, the sophisticated model is not simply bureaucratic centric like the Allison one, but it is focused on four different outcomes called images. The first one is the simplest: politicians make policy; civil servants administer. Politicians make decisions; bureaucrats merely implement them (Aberbach, Putnam and Rockman 1981: 4). Public officials are indispensable servants because of their competences and expertise. For Weber, this is the ideal relationship because the institutional functions of politics and administration are separated, but at the same time it is highly improbable because every governmental decision has political considerations and consequences. Authority, simplicity of decision and political supremacy are the potentiality of this image. The second outcome assumes that both politicians and civil servants participate in making policy, but that make distinctive contributions. Civil servants bring facts and knowledge; politicians, interests and values (Aberbach, Putnam and Rockman 1981: 6). Division of labour and rationality are the main characteristics of this model. According to the third image both bureaucrats and politicians engage in policymaking, and both are concerned with politics whereas politicians articulate broad, diffuse interests of unorganized individuals, bureaucrats mediate narrow, focused interests of organized clienteles (Aberbach, Putnam and Rockman 1981: 9). In this case, it is unclear if the initiative comes from the bureaucrats or the interest groups. In any case, the more problematic issues cannot be addresses only by one part, however, during emergencies, the policymaking role of the civil service is irrelevant. In the last outcome, the two roles have been converging perhaps reflecting, as some have argued, a politicization of the bureaucracy and a bureaucratization of politics (Aberbach, Putnam and Rockman 1981: 16). This image has been associated with the expansion of executive agencies like the Cabinet in UK, the Chancellery in Germany or the White House in US, which have absorbed several political administrators. Bureaucrats and politicians are policymakers: the bureaucrats because indirectly manage the governmental apparatus by the implementation of decisions; the politicians are involved directly in policymaking activities. * * * The first case study demonstrates the failure of the Allisons model in terms of bargaining and it confirm some critics present in Bendor, Hammon, Aberbach, Putnam and Rockman. The centurys most thoughtful and practically effective critic of bureaucracy in foreign affairs, Kissinger had no taste or skill to do more than suppress it (Strong 1987: 75). Kissinger developed critics to the bureaucratic system because he was convinced that the only way to solve US bureaucratic problems was in decisions and actions exercised by politicians. When he was appointed NSA during the Nixon administration, they both preferred a system of foreign policymaking that would be centralized in the White House and dominated by the president and his personal advisers (Strong 1987: 57). He modelled a new foreign policy organization, where a series of interdepartmental committees report to the Review Group (RG), chaired by the NSA who will present the topics to the President and the NSC. In such a system, the NSA was in the position to exercise all its influence over information and options and to manipulate the decision making process. He intended the bureaucracy as a source of information about important international issues. He wanted the maximum realm for personal choice in a policymaking environment where circumstance and bureaucratic practice almost always tended to reduce the opportunities for leaders to act (Strong 1987: 61). The objective was to establish White House control over the making of foreign policy. This model of foreign policy making process presents some problems: abuse of power by the NSA, no transparency, it is decision centric, it is run by small stuff which means limited capacity and probable superficiality in dealing with international issues. Scarce expertise, information manipulated, jealousies and ambitions can also affect the political considerations. Also the second case study recommends the failure of the Allisons model in terms of bargaining and it confirms some critics present in Welch, Brady and Kagley. In this case the outcomes cannot be predicted on the basis of parochial interests and the distribution of bureaucratic power (Rhodes 1994: 3). The US Navy is considered one of the most traditionalist military corps of the US. For this reason, internal and external observers have long argued that bureaucratic parochialism within the navy has strongly influenced national decisions over national force posture that is, decisions regarding kinds and levels of naval forces (Rhodes 1994: 3). The main Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the highest uniformed officer and he is responsible for ruling inter-departmental competition for funds. In fact, all the three components, that is aviators, submariners and surface ship members try to drive the navys force posture. The CNO with his personal experience and bureaucratic baggage is supposed to reflect his membership to one of the components, while he is ruling. According to Allison, in fact, he has a substantial interest in force the posture of Navy in favour of his unit. Analyzing the data available in the forty years between 1950 and 1990 when the Navy had 12 CNOs is possible to deduce that the identity and objectives of the principal bureaucratic interest groups, inside and outside the navy, have remain constant (Rhodes 1994: 21). This bureaucratic model suggest that state behaviour is far from being based on competing interests. The assumption where you stand depends on where you sit failed in front of the evidence that what they think is independent of where they sit. The outcome suggest that instead of parochial interests we should talk about parochial sets of ideas. Except for moment of crisis, the internal trends of a bureaucratic organization tend to remain unaltered across time despite changes in the decision makers environment. Given the weight of evidence that parochial loyalties has been dominant in determining naval force posture, the findings from this case give us considerable reason for scepticism about any generalized claims that bureaucratic politics are critical in shaping state behaviour (Rhodes 2004: 40). According to the cases study presented, the Allisons model III and its attempt to explain state behaviour is suitable for routine and standard decisions. It lacks in predicting outcomes because its strength is describing the intra organizational bargaining. As mentioned by Rourke (1972), the influence of bureaucracy on the foreign policy decision making is not so relevant as Allison tries to demonstrate. Bureaucracy can adopt policies in its interest but when it is in charge to translate political decisions into actions, it is merely following the intentions of the decision-maker. However, it has limited possibilities to influence presidential decisions because political players can easily reduce its power to a subordinate status. Smith and Clarke (1985), focus on the aspect of policy implementation: they affirm that in the process of foreign policy decision making it is important how a certain decision has been implemented, not only how it was taken. The Bureaucratic Politics model tends to have an implicit notion of implementation because it takes it for granted, and this is an unforgivable mistake because usually decisions are ambiguous, therefore all the power is in the hands of those subjects involved in the execution. Only the bureaucracy has the power to control and monitor the outcomes. For all these reasons, in analyzing bureaucracy behaviour, academics should focus on the implementation because it explains the relationships between the decision making process and the results. The Allisons model III (Allison and Halperin 1972) argue that, through the bargaining, bureaucrats are protagonists of the decision making process in foreign policy. Looking at the model in depth, it has been demonstrated how the model can basically give us a dimension of the governmental interactions between hierarchies but it cannot anticipate the outcome. Certainly, it describes the rationality in achieving parochial interests but the results cannot be predetermined a priori. * * * Bureaucrats are servants and masters in the foreign policy making process and during the phase of implementation because even if they know intentions, structures and process of bargaining, it is impossible to foresee the final outcome. Definitively, their behaviour is goal oriented but it is impossible to calculate all the information and variables necessary to achieve that goal. For these reasons, the Bureaucratic Politics model cannot assure definite results. With no doubt, the Aberbach, Putnam and Rockmans model is more appropriate in describing the decision making process, but it is not specific for foreign policy outcomes. The power of bureaucratic organizations over foreign affairs has been exaggerated even if they have the power to channel decisions into practical policies and they are increasingly involved in the administration of the foreign affairs. There is no doubt about the pulling and hauling in governmental debates but it does not affect the presidential choice. If there is no direction or control from the top, then obviously a bureaucratic paradigm is essential for analyzing the foreign policy process; then, decisions are truly the resultants of governmental mechanics. But if there is central control from the top, then the mechanics make no difference.